GOAL ONE
THE NEW NATION
Articles of Confederation
• Written by Second Continental Congress in 1777
• Not approved until 1780 because unanimous consent
required
• Unicameral legislature for national government
• One representative from each of the 13 states
• NO Executive
• Each state remained sovereign
• Powers not specifically delegated to the national
government [Congress]
• power for the states
Powers given Federal Government under the
Articles of Confederation
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Limited Power for Federal Government
Settlement of disputes between states
Regulating foreign affairs [& Indian trade]
Setting value of national & state coinage – to
ensure standardized trade
• No power to tax or raise money other than
through the states
• No power to enforce its decisions on the
states
Articles Continued….
• Arguments For:
• Most political power
belonged to States
• Each State had one vote in
Congress [but sent as many
representatives as wanted]
• Kept power in hands of
people
• Sufficient to win the
Revolution
• Arguments Against:
• Congress could not collect
taxes
• Changes to Articles
required unanimous vote
• Nationalists believed
“ordinary people” could
not wisely yield power
• Lack of national court
system
• Lack of national economic
policy
Articles….Still
Two acts passed by “Confederation Congress:
Land Ordinance of 1785
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Land Ordinance of 1785
• Surveyed and divided the
Northwest Territory into 36 miles
sections [$1.00 per section]
• Section 16 set aside for education
Land Ordinance of 1785
Lot 16
Reserved
For
Education
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
• provided government for Northwest
Territory.
• Provided legislation for territory to
become a State.
• Abolished slavery in the Northwest
Territory
• Gave citizens in territories the same
rights as citizens of states
Western
Land
Ceded
By
States
To
United
States
Articles “are GREAT
SUCCESS!”………………………………”NOT!”
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National Government weak
Cannot collect taxes
No executive branch
No judicial branch
No national courts
Each state prints own money
States squabble over trade
Nationalists fear weak government will topple
SHAY’S REBELLION
• Rebellion demonstrated the disorder and
chaos occurring under weak federal
government
• Rumors of rebellion by poor farmers
terrorized “better kind of people”: the elite
Constitutional Convention
• Summer 1787
• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
• Meet to revise the Articles of
Confederation
• Soon realize, Articles cannot be revised
and a new Constitution must be
created.
• GUESS WHAT WAS RATIFIED in 1788??
Continued….
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12 states [all except Rhode Island]
Most were upper class and educated
Most middle aged
Benjamin Franklin, 81, oldest
James Madison did bulk of the work
Madison read many books on history and
political science to prepare
Philadelphia’s State House:
location of the Constitutional Convention
In the Summer of 1787
[Constitutional Hall]
Necessary and Proper Clause
• Article One, Section 8 of the Constitution lists the powers
of Congress.
• The eighteenth and final entry says:
• "To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for
carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers vested by this
Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in
any Department or Officer thereof."
• The necessary and proper clause is a constitutional
compromise between
• the Federalist not to enumerate any Congressional powers
at all
• the Anti-Federalist to limit Congress to those items
expressly itemized
• ELASTIC CLAUSE!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Strict vs. Loose…foreshadowing the future
• Must be printed in the
Constitution
• Anti-Federalist
• Not-Implied
• Implicit
• Democratic-Republican
• Bill of Rights
• Gives more power to Federal
government
• Implied Powers
• Federalist
• Elastic or Necessary & Proper
Clause
• Powers implied
• Which one is strict? Loose?
Alexander Hamilton
“There are implied powers as well as
express[ed] powers and the former are as
effectively delegated as the latter.”
Alexander Hamilton
[from letters to
President Washington
On the Constitutionality
Of a United States Bank]
Slavery
• Slave / Southern States:
• Do not want Congress to
control trading of slavery
3/5 Compromise
 Slaves count as 3/5 person
for purposes of taxation
and representation.
• Foreign slave trade would
be banned in 20 years or in
1808
• Free / Northern States
• Northwestern Territory
• Want slavery limited
Virginia Plan vs. NJ Plan
• James Madison’s Plan
• Presented by Edmund
Randolph
• Large State’s Plan
• Two house legislature
• Base on Population
• Judiciary & Executive
chosen by Congress
• Congress given increased
power
• National gov’t could nullify
state laws
• William Paterson’s Plan
to revise the Articles of
Confederation
• Small State’s plan
• Equal Representation
for all States
• Gave Congress power
over trade and taxation
• Rejected by the
delegates
Great Compromise
• States have equal representation in the
Senate [based on English House of Lords]
• House of Representatives based on
Population [English House of Commons]
• Electoral College initiated…not quite
important yet…
• AKA Bicameral Legislature
• Constitution is ratified in 1788!!!!!!!!!!
THE FEDERALIST ERA (1789-1801)
United States
1789-1800
Washington Presidency
• Unanimously elected by the Electoral College
in 1789
• Why did Congress allow Washington to be
President without any voting?
• Sworn in at NYC
Washington’s Cabinet
• John Adams-VP
• Thomas Jefferson-Secretary of State
• Alexander Hamilton-Secretary of the Treasury
• Henry Knox- Secretary of War
• Edmund Randolph- Attorney General
…Set Precedent
…Characterized by the Hamilton-Jefferson Feud
Judiciary Act 1789
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Supreme Court
Organized federal district and circuit courts
Established the office of attorney general
Fatal provision
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
• Economic Philosophy
• Report on Public Credit (1790)-Shaping Fiscal
Policy
• Report on Manufactures (1791)-Promotion of
the Factory System
THE BUS!!!! (Bank of the US)
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Provisions
Jefferson and Madison
Strict Construction vs. Loose Construction
Elastic Clause aka…?
Signed February 1791
Sparked the open public split between
Hamilton and Jefferson.
The Whiskey Rebellion 1794
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Response to Excise Tax
Militia summoned
What is the Significance?
More Support for Jefferson!
However, Hamilton’s financial plan became
the cornerstone of America's financial system
Birth of the Party System
• Did the Founding Fathers envision the
existence of political parties?
• Hamiltonian Federalists and Jeffersonian
Republicans (NOT Anti-Federalists)
Federalist Era: Foreign Policy
• Perhaps most distinguishing factor bewtween
Hamiltonians and Jeffersonians
• French Revolution/Reign of Terror
• Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation
• Citizen Genet
Foreign Policy
• Jays Treaty 1794
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Background
Provisions
Who Supported?
Significance
• Pinckney Treaty 1795
– Access to Mississippi River and New Orleans
• Defeat of Indians in the Northwest
– General Wayne
– Battle of Fallen Timbers and Treaty of Greenville
Election of 1796 and Adams
Presidency
• Adams vs. Jefferson
• War with France-XYZ
Affair
• Undeclared Naval
Warfare- “Quasi-War”
Significance?
THE XYZ AFFAIR
A British cartoon shows the United States (the young lady in the feathered Indian headdress)
being accosted by impertinent and avaricious diplomats representing Revolutionary France
ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS
A cartoon satirizing a violent incident that occurred while Congress was debating the
Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798
BRANDING
JEFFERSON AS A
DANGEROUS
RADICAL
A Federalist cartoon
depicts
Thomas Jefferson was
an enemy of religion,
lawful government, and
the Constitution, who
wanted to import a
French-style revolution
and reign of terror
to America.
Jefferson’s Inaugural Address
• But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We
have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We
are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among
us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its
republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the
safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason
is left free to combat it. I know, indeed, that some honest men fear
that a republican government can not be strong, that this
Government is not strong enough; but would the honest patriot, in
the full tide of successful experiment, abandon a government
which has so far kept us free and firm on the theoretic and
visionary fear that this Government, the world's best hope, may by
possibility want energy to preserve itself? I trust not.
Jefferson’s Presidency
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Peaceful Transfer of Power
Kept most of Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Reversing Federalist Policies
"The government that governs least, governs
best”
• Debt was a curse
• 12th Amendment?
Judiciary Act of 1801
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Under President Adams
Midnight Judges
Repealed
John Marshall
Marbury vs. Madison
Significance?
• Impeachment of
Samuel Chase
Louisiana Purchase
• Monroe and Livingston in Paris
• What was the original intent?
• Napoleon and his dream of an American
Empire
• $15 million
• Most important land purchase in US History
Exploration
• Louis and Clark
• Sacajawea
• Zebulon Pike
Spanish Concern
IMPRESSMENT
During Great Britain’s long war with Revolutionary France, captains of Royal Navy vessels
made a practice of replenishing their crews with sailors from American merchant ships.
Embargo Act of 1807
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Jefferson and Congress
Reason?
Regulating Commerce
Beneficial for the US Economy?
A political cartoon showing merchants dodging the "Ograbme", which is
'Embargo' spelled backwards
Jefferson’s Legacy
• Expansion
• Louisiana Purchase
• Creation of a democratic non-aristocratic
government
• Total defeat of Federalists by 1816
• Kept the country out of a damaging European
war
Jefferson Presidency ReCap
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Peaceful Transfer of Power
Maintain many federalist programs
Did reverse some programs
Marbury vs. Madison
Expansion
Tripolitan Wars
Embargo Act
Precedent of Presidential term?
War of 1812
• Madison Inaugurated in
1809
• Virginia Dynasty
• Strongly Jeffersonian
Warhawks
John C. Calhoun
Henry Clay
Warhawks
• Who were they?
• Strongly Nationalistic
• What was their agenda?
Battle of Tippecanoe 1811
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SURPRISE!
Western Warhawks vs. Indian resistance
Tecumseh
William H. Harrison
What was the significance?
War Declared
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June 1812
Why did the US fight Britain only?
New England’s importance
Small War
War of 1812 Overview
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Poorly fought
Disunity
Key US Victories
Andrew Jackson
Diplomatic and Military Success
US Preparation
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Economy
National Bank
Military Training
Strategy-Canada
Great Lakes/Naval Dominance
Battle of Thames-Tecumseh
War continued…
• 1814, Napoleon defeated…British concentrate
on US
• Washington D.C. burned in 1814
• Fort McHenry-Star-Spangled Banner
Battle of New Orleans
Battle of New Orleans
• Foolish frontal attack by British…many
casualties
• Jackson commands US army
• Needless battle due to the Treaty of Ghent
• Why was this significant?
Treaty of Ghent
• 1814, 2 weeks prior to
Battle of New Orleans
• Armistice
• What was agreed?
Hartford Convention
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Dec. 1814 -- Jan. 1815
Purpose?
3/5 compromise ended
What happened to the federalist party?
New England thinking secession
Effects of the War
• Treaty of Ghent restores original boundaries between Britain
and the U.S., but does not lead to the end of impressment.
• Unhappy New Englanders hold Hartford Convention
• Battle of New Orleans raises American spirits and national
pride
• Initial economic boom is followed by a depression
• Nationalism grows in U.S
• American independence confirmed
• Peaceful relations develop between U.S. & Great Britain &
U.S.
• Commercial treaty re-opening trade
• 10 year joint occupation of Oregon Territory with G.B