Psychology – Q 1 Assessment
Date: Wednesday, Nov. 6, 2012
We have covered chapters 1,5,9, and 10. This study guide is meant to be a tool as you review for this
assessment. Old tests, if you have kept them, will be especially useful also.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology
Physiological
cognitive
psychology
hypothesis
Theory
basic science
applied science
scientific method
Structuralist
introspection
functionalist
psychoanalyst
Behaviorist
humanist
cognitivist
psychobiologist
Psychologist
psychiatry
clinical psychology
counseling psychology
Types of Psychologists:
Developmental
Forensic
Educational
Environmental
Community
Health
Specific situations will be given and you
will have to tell which field would be
most appropriate.
Industrial/organizational
Experimental
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What are the goals of psychology?
Why study psychology?
Know the different schools of psychology –
o Psychoanalytic, Behavioral (structuralism, functionalism), Trait, Humanistic,
Sociocultural.
What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?
Names to remember –
o Hippocrates
o Freud
o Watson
o Skinner
o Maslow
Chapter 2: Psychological Research Methods
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Know the different research methods that psychologists use. Be able to apply which
research method would be appropriate in different situations.
o Survey
o Naturalistic observation
o Case study
o Longitudinal study
 Cross-sectional study
o Correlation
Know the elements in an experiment: hypothesis, variables, (dependent and
independent), experimental group, control group, Placebo
Ethics in experimentation.
Considerations for accurate researcho Self-fulfilling prophecy
o Single-blind/Double-blind studies
o Placebo
Milgrim study
Chapter 9: Learning
Classical Conditioning: learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus
and an unconditioned stimulus.
You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated
whenever you smell it.
The flu sickness is the ____.
The nausea is the ____.
The new food is the ____.
The nausea to the new food is the ____.
Related terms:
Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Taste aversions
Operant Conditioning: learn from the consequences of behavior.
A lion in a circus learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a hoop to receive a food treat.
Operant Conditioning Principles: Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and
omission training.
Shaping
Skinner; Pavlov
Primary reinfocers
Seconday reinforcers
Schedules: fixed ratio, fixed
interval, variable ratio, variable
interval
Social Learning: process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others.
Albert Bandura- Bobo Doll experiment
Cognitive Learning: focuses on how information is obtained, processed, and organized.
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Cognitive maps
Latent learning: “hidden” until needed.
o Doesn’t require reinforcement.
Learned helplessness
Modeling
Chapter 10: Memory
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What is memory?
What parts of the brain process memory?
Three processes of memory:
o Encoding: visually, acoustically, and sematically
o Storage
o Retrieval
Three stages:
o Sensory- light, sound, smell, heat, cold, etc.; ½ second to 3 seconds
 Selective attention; feature extration
o Short Term, “working memory”- 30 seconds; capacity of 7 (+/-) items.
 How do we increase capacity? Chunking!
 How do we increase duration? Rehearsal!
o Long Term- relatively permanent; practically unlimited;
 Two types of LTM:
 Implicit and Explicit
o Implicit: unconsciously enters
o Explicit: intentional remembering: how you felt the first
day of high school….
 Procedural v. Declarative
o Procedural: “knowing how”; ride a bike
o Declarative: “knowing that” ; “I felt nervous, excited…”
 Episodic= Events; Semantic= Knowledge; Procedural= Skill
Retrieval
o Recognition: identify as familiar or unfamiliar.
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o Recall: Active reconstruction of previously learned material
 Confabulation
 Eyewitness testimony
 Recovered memories
 Serial position effect
o Primacy effect
o Recency effect
o Relearning: learned before, haven’t rehearsed lately, can relearn quickly.
Random Retrieval Phenomena
o Déjà vu
o Jamais Vu
o “Tip of the Tongue”
o Priming – preparing networks to remember
Forgetting:
o Ebbinghaus – short nonsense syllables.
o Why do we forget things? Should be able to list five.
o Interference Theory: other learned info interferes.
 Proactive= if old info is interfering.
 Retroactive=if new info is interfering.
o Amnesia: physical trauma to the brain.
 Anterograde= can’t recall event after injury.
 Retrograde= can’t recall events that occurred before.
o Functional Amnesia: psychological trauma
 Dissociative fugue
o Infantile Amnesia: remember very little from our first years.
The review material for Unit 2: The Life Span is not available here. You will need to look over
separate reviews for those chapters on the school webpage.