Name
________________________________
Period _______ Date ____________
A. Conflict in the Catholic Church
1. Abuses
3. The a. Simony - The buying or selling of church offices b. Indulgences –
2. Reasons for reform
Sold by the Catholic Church to gain a remission of sin a donation of money a. People begin to see abuses and want higher standards for clergy
Printing Press helped spread the ideas of the Reformation
B. Martin Luther
1. Angered over sale of indulgences
3. Wrote 95 Theses or problems with the Church a. Salvation by faith alone b. Bible is the only authority for Christian life – not the church c. Priesthood of all believers i. Meant that people could communicate directly with
4. Ideas were published and spread across Germany
5. Church asked Luther to recant ideas a. Luther refused & was
6. Tried at Diet of Worms a. Found guilty excommunicated
by Charles V b. Declared a heretic & outlaw
7. Ideas took hold & spread across Germany
God
8. Followers called Lutherans
C. John Calvin – Switzerland
1. Beliefs a. Everyone is sinful, God can save b. Predestination i. God knows if you will be saved or not
1. Those saved are called “
The Elect
” c. Wanted a theocracy or a government controlled by the Church d. Followers are known as Calvinists
D. John Knox – Scotland
1. Followed Calvin’s ideas
2. Set up a theocracy
4. Followers known as Presbyterians
E. Henry VIII – England
1. Broke with Catholic Church when pope refused to give him a divorce
2. Created Church of England with himself as head of the new church
F. Counter-Reformation
1. Catholic response to Reformation
2. Pope Paul III called meeting in Trent a. Council of Trent decided i. End sale of indulgences ii. Clarify church rules, practices, & beliefs iii. Set up more education for priests & clergy

iv. Established Jesuits a.
Founded by Saint Ignatius Loyola b.
Society run like an army c.
Mission was to win Protestants back to Catholic Church
A. Causes
1. Barbarian invasion
2. Fall of Rome
B. Results
1. Merchants not able to acquire goods
C. Feudalism
1. Political
2. People were organized into lords and vassals
3. Investiture – symbolic ceremony
5. Fief a.
system
4. Vassals/knights a. Worked the land b. Fought for the a. Land given to lord vassal by the lord
D. Manor system
1. Economic system
2. Manor –small estate where the community works
3. Inhabitants had duties to perform a. Took care of land c. Paid taxes d. Fought for protection
E. Manorial inhabitants
1. Lords – Owners
2. Serf – Worked the land, could not leave the manor
F. Rise of the Church
1. Church remained educated and organized when rest of world was not
2. Monasteries a. Monks lived by poverty, chastity, & obedience b. St. Benedict
3. Christendom
wrote system of rules monks followed a. Idea of one kingdom under God b. Spread by Pope Gregory I and Charlemagne
4. Crusades a. Original intent to unite Roman & Byzantine churches under Pope Urban II b. 1 st Crusade took Jerusalem from Muslims c. 2 nd
Crusade failed to take Odessa d. 3 rd
Crusade attempted to re-capture Jerusalem but failed
5. Results of Crusades a. Pope & feudal nobility suffered loss of power c. Hatred between Muslims & Christians increased d. Increase in trade sparked European expansion

G. Hundred Years War
1. Fought between France & England a. Fought over a. b.
Longbow
Cannon
English
2. New weapons introduced
kings claims to French land
3. Joan of Arc a. French peasant girl who led French against English b. Played major role in Charles II becoming king c. Burned at the stake by the English
4. French won war
H. Bubonic plague struck in 1496
1. 2/3 of population of Europe died
I. Farming improvements
1. Horse collar
2. Three field system - Two of the three fields were cultivated while the third field was left fallow
Japan – Land of the Rising Sun
1.
Consists of about 4,000 islands
2.
Archipelago
3.
Little land for farming – Mountainous
B.
Many different clans worshipped their own gods
1.
Religion – Shinto – “the way of the gods” a.
Shinto – Worship forces of nature, ancestors , and kami
C.
Yamato Emperors
1.
Kami – Divine spirits dwelling in nature
1.
Clan took control of Japan in the 400s
D.
Japanese Culture
1.
Borrow Chinese ideas and customs through contact with Korea
2.
Buddhism spread throughout Japan a.
Mixed with Shinto practices
E.
Life in the Heian Period – Late 700s
1.
Capital moved from Nara to Heian (modern-day Kyoto )
F.
Mid 1000s
1.
Large land-owners a.
Build private armies-become warlords
2.
Small land-owners a.
Trade land to warlords in exchange for protection
1.
This is known as the Feudal System
G.
Samurai Warriors
1.
Employed by warlords as bodyguards
2.
Lived according to Bushido a.
Code of behavior
1.
“Way of the
Warrior
”
H.
Kamakura Shogunate
1.
Minamoto family wins control – 1100s
2.
Yoritomo becomes Shogun in 1192 a.
Military dictator ruling Japan b.
Shogun rules from Kamakura – Emperor stays in Kyoto

I. Japan’s Isolationism
1. Japan had practiced Closed Country Policy for a long time, was basically self-sufficient
2. U.S. Commodore Perry entered Tokyo Harbor with a large fleet i.
Japanese generals gave into Perry’s demands and allowed trade
3.
Treaty of Kanagawa a.
Japan opened two ports to U.S. ships
J. Japan’s Modernization
1. Japan feared domination by outside influences unless changes were made
2. Japan began to reform and modernize a.
Japan studied ways of Westerners and adopted best ones
3.Meiji Era b.
Admired
Germany’s
strong central government c.
Modeled Japanese army after
Germany’s d.
Modeled Japanese navy after
Britain’s
Japanese industry such as shipbuilding competed with the West e.
Traditional Japanese industry such as tea processing and silk production gave Japan unique products to trade. f.
Japan becomes an imperial power
1.
Fights against Russia in the Russo-Japanese War
1. Since the Middle Ages, the people of France had been divided into three social classes or estates :
A. French class system
1. 1 st Estate – Clergy a. They paid no direct taxes to the royal government
2. 2 nd
Estate – Nobles
3. 3 rd Estate – About 98% of the population a. 3 rd
Estate was the largest and least powerful b. Divided into three groups i. Middle Class – Known as the Bourgeoisie
1. Well educated – Believed in enlightened ideals of liberty and equality ii. Urban Lower Classes - Poorer than the middle class iii. Peasant Farmers
1. Feudal dues to nobles , tithes to the church , royal taxes to the king ’s agents
1. Latin American Revolution
A. Spain had colonies in Latin America
B. Latin American society rigidly stratified
1. Peninsulares were at the top of society and controlled most aspects of society a. Were born in Spain or Portugal
2. Creoles were born in Latin America and were part of the privileged class. a. Members of this group led the revolutionary movements of Latin America.
3. 10 million members of other groups a. African slaves, mixed-race populations i. Mulattos - a person of mixed European and African ancestry ii. Mestizos – a person of mixed European and American Indian
2. Mexico a. Mexico was the first Latin American country to win freedom b. Rebellion led by Father Miguel Hidalgo i. Killed by Spanish c. Military leader at the head of an authoritarian government was a caudillo

3. Other Latin American countries sought freedom a. Simon Bolivar fought for freedom for Venezuela b. Jose de San Martin fought for Argentina’s freedom
4. Haiti is the first European colony to gain its freedom in 1811 a. Revolution led by former slave
Toussaint L’Ouverture
A.
New center of civilization
1. Capital becomes Byzantium aka Constantinople
2. Controlled trade between Asia and Europe
B. Politics in Constantinople
1. Emperor was head of Church and State
2. Justinian was a strong and important emperor
C. Religion a.
Justinian’s
Code summarized Roman laws
1. Icons were pictures or symbols of Mary, Jesus, and holy figures a. Iconoclasts objected to these figures i. Thought icons led to
D. Christian Church split in 1054 CE idol worship
1. Reasons for split a. b.
Roman/Catholic
Pope
priests could not marry,
led church in Rome, c. Churches known as
Patriarch
Orthodox priests could
led the Orthodox Church
Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox
A. Islam split
1.
Shi’ites a. Minority group b. Believe Mohammed’s grandson, Husayn, rightful caliph
2. Sunni a. Majority group b. Orthodox Muslims
B. Islam Expands
1. Muhammad died in 632
2. Abu-Bakr became the first caliph a title which means
3. For the sake of Islam Abu-Bakr invoked jihad successor
which means “striving” and can refer to the inner struggle against evil . a.
The word is also used in the Qur’an to mean an armed struggle against unbelievers b.
Abu-Bakr applied this meaning of jihad to justify the expansion of Islam.
4.
Under Umar , the second caliph , Muslim armies conquered Syria and lower Egypt
5.
The next two caliphs, Uthman and Ali continued to expand Islam.
6.
By 750, the Muslim Empire stretched 6,000 miles from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River .
C. Suleyman I was also known as the Lawgiver .
1. Suleyman was a superb miltary leader
2. Applying their immense naval power, the Ottomans captured Tripoli on the coast of North Africa
3.In 1526 Suleyman advanced into Hungary and Austria
4. He had become the most powerful monarch on earth.
5. As a Muslim , Suleyman was required to follow Islamic law

a. The Ottomans granted freedom of worship to other religious communities.
A. Rise of the Christian Church
1. Church remained educated and organized when rest of world was not
2. Monasteries a. Monks lived by poverty, chastity, & obedience b. St. Benedict
3. Christendom
wrote system of rules monks followed a. Idea of one kingdom under God b. Spread by Pope Gregory I and Charlemagne
B. Crusades
1. Original intent to unite Roman & Byzantine churches under Pope Urban II
2. 1 st Crusade took Jerusalem from Muslims
3. 2 nd
Crusade failed to take Odessa
4. 3 rd
Crusade attempted to re-capture Jerusalem but failed
5. Results of Crusades a. Pope & feudal nobility suffered loss of power c. Hatred between Muslims & Christians increased d. Increase in trade sparked European expansion
A. Factors aiding industrial growth
1. Changes in farming
2. Rise in population
3. Geographic advantages
4. New inventions
B. Changes in farming
1. Agricultural Revolution begins before Industrial Revolution
2. Wealthy buy much of the land a. Landowners rent to tenant farmers who pay rent to use land
3. Landowners began fencing/hedging land called enclosure
C. Rise in Population
1. Better livestock and rising crop production = more food
2. Population increased during the 1700s
3. Population increase meant more laborers able to work in factories
D. Geographic Advantages
1. Great Britain had all the factors needed to be successfully industrialized a. Abundant natural resources b. Favorable geography c. Favorable climate for d. Effective banking new ideas
system e. Political stability
2. Abundant Natural Resources a. b.
Water-power
Coal c. Iron ore
3. Favorable Geography a. England is an island country

b. Had many fine harbors with ships sailing to every port on globe c. Overseas trade provided England with raw materials & markets
E. Favorable Climate for New Ideas
1. Royal Society a.
F. Effective Banking System
1. Great Britain had most highly developed system in Europe
2. Loaning money at reasonable interest rates encouraged people to invest in new inventions
G. Politically Stable
1. Not involved in wars for a century
2. Government favored economic growth
3. Passed laws supporting/encouraging new investments
H. New Inventions/Technology
1. Jethro Tull developed the seed drill a. Allowed seed to be dispensed at regular intervals
2. Crop rotation developed a. System of growing a different crop in a field each year
3. Selective breeding developed a. Only best animals were allowed to breed
4. John Kay developed the flying shuttle a. Allowed weaver to work twice as fast
5. James Hargrave developed the spinning jenny a. Could spin up to 80 threads at a time
6. Richard Arkwright developed the water frame a. Used water power to drive the spinning wheels
7. Samuel Crompton’s spinning mule a. Combined Spinning Jenny and Water Frame b. Made stronger & finer thread
8. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin a. Removed seeds from cotton b. Resulted in more cotton cleaned per day / increased need for slaves
9. Edward Cartwright’s power loom a. Made weaving faster and ran on water power
I. Industry Grows and Spreads
1. Better roads a. John McAdam invented new way to build roads called Macadam surface
2. Canals a. Human made waterways b. Lowered cost of transporting raw & finished materials
3. Railroads a. George Stephenson built 1 st
Railroad line b. Railroad encouraged industrial growth i.were fast, cheap way to move materials ii.provided new jobs iii.boosted agriculture iv.made travel easier
J. Industrial Revolution changed lives
1. Spread to other countries
2. Brought people to the cities
3. Middle class grew
4. Social tensions between classes grew ( rich and poor )

K. Industrial Revolution grew out of Cottage Industries
1. Cottage industry produced smaller amounts of work
2. New machines ran off water power a. Location often inconvenient
3. James Watt and Matthew Boulton – Scottish entrepreneurs a. developed steam engine
4. Wealthy merchants set up machines in factories
5. Cotton cloth became popular as price dropped a. Most cotton came from the Southern United States b. Cotton production increased in America increasing demand for slaves in America
A. Medieval View
1. Believed the earth was an immovable object
2. Believed the earth was located at the center of the universe
B. Geocentric Theory
1. Earth-centered universe
2. Idea originated with Aristotle
C. A New Way of Thinking
1. Scientific Revolution a. Based on careful observation and willingness to question accepted beliefs b. Fueled by the Renaissance and European exploration
D. European Exploration
1. Navigators needed better instruments to determine their location in open water
E. Revolutionary Model of the Universe
1. Heliocentric Theory a. Belief in a sun-centered universe b. Nicolaus Copernicus
F. Galileo Galilei
1. Built his own telescope and made significant observations of such as Jupiter having four moons
2. Supported the theories of Copernicus
3.Conflict with the Church a. Was warned by the Catholic Church not to defend the ideas of Copernicus b.
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems i. Showed that Galileo supported Copernicus ii. Under threat of torture Galileo denounced the ideas of Copernicus and lived the remainder of his life under house arrest
G. Scientific Method
1. Begins with questions arising from observations and scientists form a hypothesis or unproved
2. assumption
Scientists then analyze the data to reach conclusions
H. Francis Bacon
1.
2.
Urged scientists to experiment then draw conclusions
Called this approach empiricism, or the experimental method
I. Rene Descartes
1. Relied on mathematics and logic
2. Believed everything should be doubted until proven by reason
J. Newton Explains the Law of Gravity
1. Isaac Newton a. b.
Studied math and physics at Cambridge University
Discovered that force ruled motion of planets and all matter – Law of Universal Gravitation c.
The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

i. Described the universe as a clock in which all parts worked perfectly together – believed God was the creator of this orderly universe
K. Scientific Revolution Spreads
1. Scientific Instruments a. Zacharias Janssen i. Invented the microscope b. c.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek i. Observed bacteria nad red blood cells for the first time
Evangelista Toricelli i. Developed the first mercury barometer to measure atmospheric pressure d. Gabriel Fahrenheit i. First thermometer to use mercury in glass e. Anders Celsius i. Created another mercury thermometer, showed freezing at 0
L. Medicine and the Human Body
1. Galen a. Assumed that human anatomy was much the same as pigs he had dissected
2. Vesalius a. Dissected human corpses b. On the Structure of the Human Body i. Book included detailed drawings of human organs, bones and muscle
3. Edward Jenner a. British physician b. Introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox
M. Discoveries in Chemistry
1. Robert Boyle a. Considered the founder of modern chemistry b. The Sceptical Chymist
A.
The Mongols lived on a vast, dry grassland called the Steppe
B.
Mongols were Pastoralists - the herded domesticated animals
1.
Asian nomads practically lived on horseback following their herds
2.
They travelled together in kinship groups called clans
C.
Around 1200 a Mongol clan leader named Temujin sought to unify the Mongols
1.
In 1206, he accepted the title Genghis Khan , or “ Universal Ruler
” of the Mongols
D.
Mongol Conquest
1.
Genghis Khan’s first goal was to conquer
China and he invaded the Jin Empire in 1211
2.
He launched a campaign of terror across Central Asia a.
Genghis Khan was angered by the murder of Mongol traders and an embassador at the hands of Muslims b.
By 1225 Central Asia was under Mongol control
3.
Characteristics behind Genghis Khan’s success: a.
He was a brilliant Organizer
1.
He grouped his warriors in armies of 10,000 , then into 1,000 man brigades, 100 man companies, and 10 man squads
2.
When on the move each soldier was accompanied by three extra horses b.
He was a gifted strategist
1.
Mongol armies covered as much as 120 miles in a day
2.
A key to Mongol horsemanship was the stirrup which enabled a warrior to stand , turn , and shoot arrows behind him

c.
He used cruelty as a weapon
1.
He believed in terrifying his enemies into surrender
2.
If a city refused to open its gates he might kill the entire population
3.
The terror the Mongols inspired led many towns to surrender without a fight
E.
Genghis Khan died in 1227 from illness
F.
In less than 50 years the Mongols conquered territory from China to Poland
1.
They created the largest unified land empire in history
G.
By 1260 the Mongols had divided their huge empire into four regions or Khanates
1.
Khanate of the Great Khan (Mongolia and China)
2.
Khanate of the Chagatai (Central Asia)
3.
Ilkhanate (Persia)
4.
Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia)
H.
From the mid-1200s to the mid1300s, the Mongols imposed stability , law , and order across much of Asia
1.
This period is sometimes called Pax Mongolica , or Mongol Peace
2.
The Mongols guaranteed safe passage for trade caravans , travelers , and missionaries across their empire
3.
Ideas and inventions traveled along with trade goods
I.
Kublai Khan , the grandson of Genghis Khan, assumed the title of Great Khan in 1260
1.
He conquered China in 1279 and founded the Yuan Dynasty a.
Kublai Khan united China for the first time in more than 300 years b.
He opened China to greater foreign contact and trade c.
The Mongols tolerated Chinese culture and made few changes to Chinese government
2.
Kublai Khan tried to conquer Japan twice, in 1274 and 1281, and failed both times a.
The second attempt was stopped by a typhoon
1.
The Japanese spoke of the Kamikaze or “ Divine Wind ” that saved Japan
3.
Traders carried such Chinese products and inventions as printing , gunpowder , the compass , paper currency , and playing cards over the Silk Roads
J.
The End of Mongol Rule
1.
Heavy spending on fruitless wars , public works , and luxuries of the Yuan court created resentment among the overtaxed Chinese
2.
Kublai Khan died in 1294
3.
The Ilkhanate of Persia fell apart in the 1330s
4.
The Chagatai Khans ruled in Central Asia until the 1370s
5.
Ivan III led Russia to independence from Mongol rule in 1480
K.
Mongol rule affected civilizations from eastern Europe to China
Elizabeth I (1558-1689)
1. Inherited throne at age 25 from half-sister, Mary Tudor
2. Never married a. Nickname was “ Virgin
Queen”
3. Problems she faced a. Religious conflicts b. Competition from Spain d. Financial problems
4. Mary Stuart a. Elizabeth’s cousin b. Devout Catholic c. Spanish wanted to help Mary overthrow Elizabeth d. Mary was forced to leave Scotland i. When country converted to Protestantism

ii. Asked Elizabeth to protect her e. Mary plotted to overthrow Elizabeth i. Was caught, tried and
5. Problems with Spain beheaded a. Phillip II tried to help Mary Stuart overthrow Elizabeth b. Phillip tried to marry Elizabeth so he could take over power c. England’s “
Sea Dogs
” were raiding Spanish ships
6. The end of the Spanish Threat a. Phillip sent the Spanish Armada to defeat the English navy d. Spanish Armada was defeated i. Spain’s power began to decline
7. Financial Problems a. Parliament refused to give Elizabeth money to run country b. Elizabeth started to build empire in the Americas with investor’s money c. Investors were part of “ Joint-Stock
” companies
8. Conflict with Parliament a. Parliament asked for religious changes b. Puritans formed strong group in House of Commons c. Elizabeth refused to change
Write 10 facts about each of the following World Leaders. Facts that would important, significant facts that you can include in an essay.
Julius Caesar
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Justinian
1. _____________________________________________________________________________________
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10. ____________________________________________________________________________________

Henry VIII
1. _____________________________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________________________
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10. ____________________________________________________________________________________
Napoleon Bonaparte
1. _____________________________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________________________
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10. ____________________________________________________________________________________
Peter the Great
1. _____________________________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________________________________
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10. ____________________________________________________________________________________
Louis XVI
1. _____________________________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________________________
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5. _____________________________________________________________________________________
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8. _____________________________________________________________________________________
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10. ____________________________________________________________________________________