Chapter 32
SUPINE
UT + INDICATIVE
MORE RELATIVES
MORE SUBJUNCTIVE USES
IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
Supine
 Another VERBAL NOUN (in addition to Gerund)
 But … only 2 CASES!
 Built off of 4th Principal Part, adding 4th Declension
Endings
1st Conj.
2nd Conj.
3rd Conj.
3rd - io
Conj.
4th Conj.
Acc.
Amātum
Doctum
Rēctum
Captum
Audītum
Abl.
Amātū
Doctū
Rēctū
Captū
Audītū
Supine
 Only 2 uses!
 Acc. is used after verbs of MOTION to express
PURPOSE

Ex: venimus vīsum urbem.

cubitum eō.

They can take
their own
objects, too!
I go to lie down (The Roman way to say “I’m gonna go to bed”)
Supine
 Abl. is used as an ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION
 Examples:
 Mīrābile dictū


“Miraculous with respect to saying” = English, “A wonder to say”
Nefās audītū

“A crime with respect to hearing” = English, “A crime to hear”
Three more
common supines:
Difficile cognītū
Optimum factū
Facile vīsū
These cannot take
direct objects!
Ut with Indicative
 2 possible meanings:
 Time: WHEN
 Comparison: AS
 Examples:
 Ut summō cōnspexit ab monte terrās īnfēlix, timōre tremuit


“When the unlucky guy saw the lands from the top of the
mountain, he trembled with fear.”
Puellae tacent nec, ut ante solēbant, clāmantēs ambulant.

“The girls are silent and not, as they were accustomed beforehand,
walking around and shouting.”
Connecting Relative
 Sometimes a relative pronoun begins a new sentence and
must be translated in a certain manner:

Quī … = et is / hic “And he”

Quae … = et ea / haec “And she”

Quod … = et id / hoc “And this”

Ex: Quod crēdī vix potest.


“And this is scarcely able to be believed.”
THESE CANNOT BE TRANSLATED AS “WHO”, “WHAT”, or
“WHICH”!
Subjunctive with Relatives
 Sometimes the subjunctive is used in relative
clauses:

1) Clauses of Characteristic: These describe the qualities of
indefinite antecedents and are usually introduced by
Sunt quī
Always follow
 Is sum quī
sequence of tenses!
 Is est quī, etc.
 Ex: sunt quī Graecōs meliōrēs quam Rōmānōs habeant
 “There are those who consider Greeks (to be) better than
Romans”
 Nōn is sum quī fēminās interficiam.
 “I am not the kind of guy who would kill women”

Subjunctive with Relatives
Always follow
Sequence of Tenses!!!!
 Sometimes the subjunctive is used in relative
clauses:

2) Relative Clauses of Purpose: These replace ut …. in a
Purpose Clause
Ex: lēgātōs mīsit quī pācem peterent.
 “He sent legates who were to ask for peace” or “He sent legates
to ask for peace”
 Rōmānī arma rapiunt quibus urbem suam dēfendant.
 “The Romans take up the weapons with which they are to
defend their city” or “The Romans take up weapons in order to
defend their city”

Subjunctives with Relatives
 Sometimes the subjunctive is used in relative
clauses:

3) Subjunctive in Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Speech


Ex.: dīcit sē librum lēgisse quem dederim


RULE! DEPENDENT CLAUSES in INDIRECT STATEMENT,
INDIRECT COMMAND, or INDIRECT QUESTION will ALWAYS
have SUBJUNCTIVE verbs!
“He says that he read the book which I gave him.
Iūrāvit sē librum lectūrum esse quem scrīpsissem.

“He swore that he would read the book which I had written”
Note how the TENSE of the SUBJUNCTIVE follows SEQUENCE OF TENSES
Established by the MAIN VERB (Here, dīcit and Iūrāvit)!
Potential Subjunctive
 The main clause in Future Less Vivid Conditions shows
potentiality:

Sī sim bonus, bona faciam.

“If I should be good, then I would do good things”
 A Potential Subjunctive simply expresses this by itself,
without the Sī clause
 The negative is nōn
 Possible tenses: Present, Perfect, Imperfect
 It most frequently appears:



Velim: “I would like”
Mālim: “I would prefer”
Possim: “I could”
Potential Subjunctive
 Examples:
 tū velim sīc exīstimēs



Pāce tuā dīxerim



“I would say with your permission”
Perfect = Immediate future
Notice the rather strange use
of the perfect tense to refer to
immediate future time, just
as the present does
Crēderēs victōs




“I’d like you to think so”
Present = Immediate future
“You would have thought them conquered”
This use of the second person is indefinite, like in English when we say, “You’d
go right at the stop sign to get to the grocery store” = “One goes right at the
stop sign …”
Imperfect = Past time
Aliquis dīcat


“Someone may say”
Present = Immediate future
Impersonal Constructions
 Like English, Latin has some verbs that are only used
impersonally:


Oportet + acc. + infinitive = “It is right for x to y”
Licet + dat. + infinitive = “It is permitted for x to y”
 Other verbs are used impersonally in certain contexts:

Ventum est


Literally, “There was a coming” or “It was come” = “They came”
Pugnatum est

Literally, “It was fought” = “They fought”
 As you continue in Latin you will come across even more
Impersonal Verbs, but for now start with Oportet and
Licet!