2. Thoracic and Abdominal Pelvic
Membranes
Thoracic membranes:
Walls of right and left compartments are lined
with parietal pleura (“pariet” = wall; “pleur” = rib)
Lungs are covered with visceral pleura (“viscera”
= organs in a body cavity)
Pleural cavity – fluid-filled “space” between the
parietal and visceral pleural membranes
Heart is surrounded by pericardial membranes
(“peri” = around; “cardi” = heart)
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Fig. 1.7a
Fig. 1.7b
Fig. 1.8
3. Organ Systems
a. Body covering - Integumentary System
b. Support and Movement:
– Skeletal System – support
– Muscular System - movement
c. Integration and Coordination:
– Nervous System – brain, spinal cord, nerves, and
sensory organs
– Endocrine System - all the glands that secrete
hormones
3. Organ Systems (cont.)
d. Transport:
 Cardiovascular System – flow of blood
 Lymphatic System – transports tissue fluid back to
the bloodstream
e. Absorption and Excretion:
 Digestive System – receives, breaks down, and
absorbs food
 Respiratory System – moves air in and out, and
exchanges gases between blood and the air
 Urinary System – removes waste from blood;
maintains water and electrolyte balance
f. Reproductive System – produces offspring
Anatomical Terminology
Describes:
1. Relative Positions of body parts to each
other
2. Body Sections – cutting or sectioning the
body along various planes
3. Body Regions
Relative Positions
1. Superior – above (or closer to the head)
2. Inferior – below (closer to the feet)
3. Anterior (ventral) – toward the front
4. Posterior (dorsal) – toward the back
5. Medial – middle (closer to the R-L midline)
6. Lateral – side (further from the R-L midline)
7. Proximal – closer to a point of attachment
8. Distal – further from a point of attachment
9. Superficial – near the surface (shallow)
10.Deep – more internal (further from the surface)
Fig. 1.7a
Fig. 1.7b
Body sections are divided by planes
Body Sections
1. Sagittal Plane
1. lengthwise (head-to-toe)
2. divides body into left and right sections
3. Median – along midline; midsagittal
2. Transverse Plane
1. horizontal
2. divides body into superior and inferior sections
3. Coronal Plane
1. Frontal
2. Divides body into anterior and posterior sections
Fig. 1.11
Body Regions of the Abdominal
Area
1. Epigastric Region – upper middle portion
2. Left and Right Hypochondriac Regions – to the
sides of the epigastric region
3. Umbilical Region – middle portion
4. Left and Right Lumbar Regions – to the sides of
the umbilical regions
5. Hypogastric Regions – lower middle portion
6. Left and Right Iliac Regions – to the sides of the
hypogastric region
Fig. 1.13a