Physical Growth-0-2






Average birth weight-7 ½ lbs and 20 inches
¼ of the babies length is the head
The trunk is a little longer than the legs
This stays this way until about 6 months
Then body portions change-head slows,
extremities grow and trunk stays the same
As approaches 2 yrs-relation of trunk and
extremities about equal
Reflexes





The earliest movements seen are reflexes
They are involuntary
Their absence may indicate neurological
problems
In some disability areas these reflexes
persist-cerebral palsy
So- if present when should have disappeared
or if absent when should be present- can be
considered atypical
Infant Reflexes







Probably adaptive survival skills
Moro reflex-first 6 mo
Rooting and sucking-first year
TNR-Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex-both sides
Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex-one side flexopposite side
Palmar grasp-1st 6 mo
Plantar grasp-through 1st year-if longer can interfer
with walking




Labyrinthine Righting Reflex-tipping the body,
the head will want to remain upright-2 mo to
stronger at 6 mo.
Parachute Reflex –beyond 1st year-helps with
walking
Righting reflex of head and body-head
turned, trunk turns
Crawling reflex-in prone-leg pushes, other
extends


Stepping reflex-comes about 1 mo. and
disappears about 4th mo.
Positive support Reflex
Voluntary Movement Patterns
Postural control





head control-keeping it steady-2 mo
Sitting-without support-about 5 mo
Prone to sitting-7 mo-can change body
positions
Pulling to standing-9 mo
Stand alone-11 mo
Voluntary Movement Patterns
Locomotion






Rolling over-about 3-4 mo
Crawling- 7 mo-low crawl
Creeping-more sophisticated crawlalternating hand and foot
Walking-9-18 mo
Standing to one hand to paddlefooted/high
guarded hands p39
Gait generally mature at 11-18 mo
Voluntary Movement Patterns
Reach and grasp







First weeks-fist with finger-when grasped, tighter fist
Followed by hands open
Followed by ability to put hands together at about 2
mo
3-4 mo-reach and grasp something
Releasing object-8 mo
9-10 mo pincher grasp using thumb and fingers
By 2yr-can draw horizontal and vertical lines, turn
pages stack things
Voluntary Movement Patterns
Striking



Overarm front to back-more of a push
By 22 mo-can use an object to strike-but
basically using the forearm
Mature striking doesn’t occur until 6 or 7
years old
Physical Growth 2-6years





Uniform process-rate gain in height nearly
doubles that in weight
Lower limbs grow rapidly to trunk proportionsnot so much round as linear person
Boys usually taller and heavier but
proportionally same
Brain about 75% complete by 3 years-90%
by 6yrs
Eyeball does not reach full size until about 12
Voluntary Movement Patterns
Locomotion







Running-p 42
Immature-paddle feet and arms away from
body
Flight phase: Feet in air
1. stride lengthens
2. Trailing foot higher
3. Arms move with efficiency
4. Forward lean increases









Climbing-ascending before descending
Ascend with alternating feet between 29 and 41 mo.
Descending-4 years to 55 mo.
Jumping- table 2.1
Down is easier than up
Jump down from one easier than up from one
Jumping up and down easier than jumping out
By 5 years can do all types
Then adds height and distance





Hopping-one foot takeoff and landing on one
foot-by age4 most can hop from 4-6 steps
Girls more proficient at earlier age
Galloping and skipping more advanced-have
to learn to run, jump, and hop
Gallop-walk and leap-4-6 years of age
Skipping-step and hop on one foot then the
other-a little more difficult-6 years
Voluntary Movement Patterns
Manipulative patterns




Throwing
Catching
Kicking
Striking
Throwing






Stage 1:
ages 2-3 yrs,
basically a forearm motion
no body rotation,
feet remain stationary
A slight body sway
Throwing Stage 2






3 ½ to 5 years starts some changes
Rotation of the body back on throwing side as
arm brought back
Ball brought back further and wrist cocked
Then to opposite as follow thru
Follow thru or throw is on the oblique plane
Feet still stationary
Stage 3



5 to 6 years
Foot movement-throwing side foot comes
forward at throw
Forward form is added as foot comes forward
Stage 4







Mature throwing-6 ½ years
Girls may be somewhat behind because of
lack of opportunity and teaching
Arm and trunk rotate back with full drawn arm
Opposite side step added
Body weight shifted forward in preparation for
trunk and hip rotation
Full follow thru
Distance/force increased
Throwing Teaching Helps



Proficient throwing is enhanced and made
much easier by a properly portioned ball.
Have a variety of ball sizes to use.
Smaller balls are easier to throw, larger are
easier to catch.
Break technique down and teach one point at
a time
Catching-p.46




Stage 1: 3 ½ years
Avoid the throws by turning head and/or
extending arms
Generally hold the palms up
Try to trap b all next to chest
Catching stage 2





Elementary Stage-4 years old
Follow the ball with the eyes
Generally don’t avoid the ball
Don’t close eyes until maybe the very end
Palms sideways
Catching-stage 3-Mature stage




About age 6 years
Track the ball from git go to end
Arms held in a classic ready position-elbows
flexed and hands cupped
Give with the ball
Kicking p. 47






Most start kicking at 2 years old
Stage 1:
Kicked with straight leg action
Little if any arm or trunk motion
No backward leg motion
No real force
Stage 2-elementary stage




Flexed kicking leg position
Some Uncocking to strike
Beginning of a follow through
Arms work to maintain balance
Stage 3-Mature Kicking




Total body action
Arms swing in opposition
Kicking leg much more drwwn back for force
Follow thru present
Striking




At approximately 2 years, overhand strikes
can be made
A sidearm strike at approximately 3 years
All arm motion
Use of legs and trunk to promote force at
approx. 6 or 7 years old
Socialization and movement



2-3 year olds very posessive
5-6 show signs of cooperative work and
sharing
Success in motor patterns encourages efforts
in of the areas.
Physical growth 7 to 12





The boy/girl thing changes:
Not really much difference until after age 10
Girls start reaching puberty and gain a size
advantage that remains until about 14
Boys start getting wider shoulders, girls wider
hips
Boys legs become proportionally longer than
girls
Voluntary movement patterns







Refinement of movement patterns
Jump farther and higher
Run faster
Throw farther and more accurate
Catch easier
Mature striking movements
Dribble a ball
Jumping p. 49




Vertical and horizontal
Both sexes about the same until age 7
Boys start to excel after age 7-further and
higher
Both though improve dramatically
Running- p. 50


Up until the end of about 12 years the
progression of increased speed is about the
same
After age 12, the boys continue to increase
and the girls may start a rapid decline
Throwing-p. 51




Distance and accuracy increase
Boys generally at a higher performance level
Attributed to greater shoulder and arm
strength
Does expectation enter in this?
Catching




More difficult to master than throwing
Catching from a bounce easier than a ball in
the air
Larger balls easier to catch than smaller
By 12 most can catch on the run
Striking

A mature strike may be in place at age 6-6 ½

But may take a couple of years to really use
Dribbling




Stage 1: a down push with no attempt to
follow the ball
Stage 2: Attempts to catch the ball after a
single bounce
Stage 3: Attempts to catch the ball with
multiple overhead strikes with the arms out
streched
Stage 4: a series of successive hits with the
arm bent and finger/palm strikes
Mature dribbling




Rhythmic and coordinated
P. 51
Stationary dibbling is to be mastered before
movement is added
Dribbling while moving is difficult and takes
until about age 7 to do
Teaching considerations





Think progression
Think fun but developmental
A skill must be practiced but little practice
occurs in game play.
Game play is for fun
Always consider the disability and adjust
game play/rules for it