Atom: small particles that make up all matter. They have mass and give
substances unique properties.
Element: A substance composed of a single atom or the same atoms. Ex: iron
FE
Molecule: Smallest part of a substance that can exist separately without losing
its physical and chemical properties. It can be an element or a compound. C6H12-O6
Ion: An atom that loses or gains electrons and therefore carries a charge. FE+ ,
CLWater: Electrically neutral substance that acts as a solvent for compounds.
Acid: A substance that releases H+ into a solvent. HCL
Base: A substance that combines with H+ to reduce acidity of a solution.
Bicarbonate.
Chemical Reaction. Union of 2 or more substances to form a unique
substance that is physically and chemically different from the substances that
formed them. Sugar formed from hydrogen, oxygen and carbon.
Covalent bond: Strong chemical bonds made by atoms sharing electrons.
H2O
Ionic bond: Bond between negatively and positively charged ions. Can be
dissociated in water. A weak bond. Electrolytes. NACL
Polar Bond: Attraction between the slightly positive and negative poles of
water molecules. A very weak bond.
Free Radicals: A substance that is in need of electrons. Highly reactive and
sets up chain reaction. Peroxides often become free radicals. A, C, E, and
Selenium can reduce free radicals.
Covalent Bond
02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule
Slide number: 1
(–)
(+)
11p
12n
Na
17p
18n
+
Cl
11p
12n
+
NaCl
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
17p
18n
02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule
Slide number: 2
17p
18n
11p
12n
Na
+
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cl
02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule
Slide number: 3
17p
18n
11p
12n
Na
+
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cl
02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule
Slide number: 4
17p
18n
11p
12n
Na
+
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cl
02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule
Slide number: 5
17p
18n
11p
12n
Na
+
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cl
02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule
Slide number: 6
(+)
(–)
17p
18n
11p
12n
Na
+
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cl
02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule
Slide number: 7
(–)
(+)
17p
18n
11p
12n
NaCl
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
How Free Radicals are Formed




Molecules (and atoms) are stable when they have a totally full or totally
empty outer shell.
If a chemical bond breaks and leaves 1 unpaired electron, it becomes a
free radical.
The free radical will “seek out” another electron to fill the outer shell. In
doing so, it starts a chain reaction that creates other free radicals
Antioxidants (such as C, E and MG) donate an electron to reduce the free
radical and stop the chain reaction.
Chemical reactions
Endergonic: Uphill reactions. The end product
has more energy than the reactants. EX:
Plants making glucose

Chemical Reactions


Exergonic: Down hill reactions. Reactants
have more enerby than the products.
Ex: Breakdown of food in our bodies.
Enzymes.

Enzymes are substances (special proteins) that
speed up chemical reactions. The build
substances and they break them down, but the
enzyme never changes.
Sucrose (table sugar) molecule
Glucose
H2O
Starting
materials
Products
B
Sites of
chemical
activity
C
D
A
Enzyme
Fructose
Sucrose (table sugar) molecule
Starting
materials
Sites of
chemical
activity
Enzyme
Sucrose (table sugar) molecule
Starting
materials
Sites of
chemical
activity
A
Enzyme
Sucrose (table sugar) molecule
Glucose
H2O
Starting
materials
Products
B
Sites of
chemical
activity
A
Enzyme
Fructose
C
Sucrose (table sugar) molecule
Glucose
H2O
Starting
materials
Products
B
Sites of
chemical
activity
C
D
A
Enzyme
Fructose
Sucrose (table sugar) molecule
Glucose
H2O
Starting
materials
Products
B
Sites of
chemical
activity
C
D
A
Enzyme
Fructose