Unit 10—Chapters 24 – 25
Great Depression and World War II (1929 –
1929) CSS 11.6
Causes of the Crash
Major Causes
• stocks were overpriced
• massive fraud and illegal activity
• buying on margin
• public officials’ repeated
reassurances
• Federal Reserve policies
• US tariff policies
• Florida Land Boom
• consumer debt
Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929
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“We in America are nearer to the final triumph over
poverty than ever before in the history of any land. We
have not yet reached the goal—but . . . we shall soon,
with the help of God, be in sight of the day when poverty
will be banished from this nation.”
—Herbert Hoover, 1928
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1% made over $10,000
5% made $5,000 – 9,000
29% made $2,000 – 5,000
65% made under $2,000
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80% of radios purchased on credit
60% of cars purchased on credit
Dust Bowl, 1933
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John Steinbeck
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2
531
Hoover Administration
1929-1933
Election of 1928
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1928
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Muscle Shoals Bill, 1930
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Hoover Dam, 1930
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“I do not believe that the power and duty of the General
Government ought to be extended to the relief of
individual suffering…The lesson should be constantly
enforced that though the people support the
Government the Government should not support the
people.”
—Herbert Hoover, 1930
R
Herbert C. Hoover
21,391,993
444
D
Alfred E. Smith
15,016,169
87
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
(RFC), 1932
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Bonus Army, 1932
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3
531
Roosevelt Administration
1933-1937
FDR
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“The only thing we
have to fear is fear
itself.”
D Franklin Roosevelt
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R
Herbert C. Hoover
S
Norman Thomas
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Keynsian Economics
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Eleanor Roosevelt
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1932
22,809,638
472
15,758,901
59
881,951
--
Relief: policies that eased the suffering
caused by the Depression
Recovery: policies that intended to help
the US get out of the Depression
Reform: policies that intended to keep
us from going into another Great
Depression
4
First Hundred Days
“Try something, if it works, do it. If it doesn’t try
something else, but above all—try something.”
—Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Federal Emergency Banking Relief Act
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Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
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Glass-Steagall Act
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Federal Emergency Relief Administration
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Federal Securities Act
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Federal Housing Authority (FHA)
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5
The New Deal
“Throughout the nation men and women, forgotten in the
political philosophy of the Government, look to us here for
guidance and for more equitable opportunity to share in the
distribution of national wealth... I pledge myself to a new deal
for the American people. This is more than a political
campaign. It is a call to arms.”
—Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1932
Public Works Administration (PWA)
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Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933
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• Lincoln Tunnel
• Grand Coulee Dam
• Key West Highway
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Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
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National Industrial Recovery Act, 1933
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6
531
Roosevelt Administration
1937-1945
Packing the Courts
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AAA and Fair Labor Standards Act,
1938
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Rural Electrification Administration,
1936
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Social Security Act, 1935
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1936
D
Franklin Roosevelt
27,752,869
523
R
Alfred M. Landon
16,674,665
8
U
William Lemke
882,479
--
Works Projects Administration (WPA),
1935
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• 650,000 miles of roads
• 78,000 bridges
• 125,000 buildings
• 700 miles of airport runway
• presented 225,000 concerts for
150 million+
• commissioned almost 475,000
works of art
7
New Deal Critics
Criticisms
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Father Coughlin
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Huey “Kingfish” Long
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Supporters
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8
New Deal Coalition
Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act,
1932
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Wagner Act, 1935
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New Deal Coalition
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John Lewis
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9
FDR’s Foreign Policy
Isolationism
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Nye Committee
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Stimson Doctrine, 1931
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D
Franklin Roosevelt
27,307,819
449
R
Wendell L. Willkie
22,321,018
82
London Economic Conference, 1933
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Good Neighbor Policy
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Appeasement
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Reciprocal Trading Agreement Act, 1934
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11.7.4
10
Neutrality
The epidemic of world lawlessness is spreading. When an epidemic
of physical disease starts to spread, the community approves and
joins in a quarantine of the patients in order to protect the health
of the community against the spread of disease . . . There must be
positive endeavors to preserve peace.”
--FDR, Quarantine Speech, 1937
Ethiopian Invasion, 1935
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Neutrality Act, 1935
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Spanish Civil War, 1935-1939
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Olympic Games in Berlin, 1936
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Rome-Tokyo-Berlin Axis, 1937
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Neutrality Act, 1937
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Panay Incident, 1937
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11.7.1
11
Appeasement
NAZI Germany
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Munich Agreement, 1938
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Non-Aggression Pact, 1939
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Sudetenland (September 1938)
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Poland, September 1939
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Anschluss (March 1938)
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Kristallnacht, 1938
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11.7.1
12
WWII in Europe
Invasion of Western Europe (France)
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Four Freedoms Speech, 1941
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Battle of Britain, 1941
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Operation Barbarossa, May 1941
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America First Committee, 1940
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Committee to Defend America by
Aiding the Allie, 1940
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11.7.1
13
“A day that will live in infamy”
US Approaches WWII
Cash and Carry, 1939
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Lend-Lease Act, 1940
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Destroyers-for-Bases, 1941
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Atlantic Charter, 1941
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Reuben James, 1941
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US Embargo
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Pearl Harbor, December 1941
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11.7.4•
14
American Homefront
Office of War Mobilization
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War Labor Board
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War Production Board
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Smith-Connally Act, 1943
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40 billion bullets
300,000 aircraft
86,000 tanks
2.6 million machine guns
76,000 ships (one in 14 days)
Office of Price Administration
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Office of War Information
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Fair Employment Practices Commission
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Rosie the Riveter
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11.7.6 •
15
American Homefront
Zoot Suit Riots, 1943
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442nd Regimental Combat Team
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Executive Order #9066, 1942
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Korematsu vs. United States, 1944
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Navajo Codetalkers
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Tuskegee Airmen
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11.7.3, 11.7.5, 11.10.1
16
The War in Europe
Germany First
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Operation Torch
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Casablanca Conference, 1943
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Teheran Conference, 1943
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Operation Overlord (D-Day), 1944
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Battle of the Bulge, 1944
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Yalta Conference, 1945
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V-E Day, May 8, 1945
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Potsdam Conference, 1945
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11.7.2
17
“I shall return.”
--Gen. Douglas A. MacArthur
The War in the Pacific
Battle of Coral Sea, 1941
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Manhattan Project
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Battle of Midway, 1942
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Hiroshima, August 6, 1945
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Leyte Gulf, 1944
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Iwo Jima and Okinawa, 1945
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Nagasaki, August 9, 1945
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V-J Day, September 2, 1945
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11.7.2
18
Total War
Final Solution
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Fire Bombing Tokyo, March 9-10, 1945
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Medical Experimentation
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Technological Innovations
• Aviation – jet aircraft
• Weaponry – atomic bomb, rocketry
• Communication–radar, sonar
• Medicine–penicillin, morphine, plasma
Rape of Nanking
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Cost of War
Industrial Bombing
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62 millions casualties (400,000 American
dead)
25 million military and 37 million civilian
abt. 10 million in Holocaust (5 millions Jews)
• 70% of European industry destroyed
• 13% of US population served (16 million)
• US spent $381 billion on war
11.7.7
19