Unit 10—Chapters 24 – 25 Great Depression and World War II (1929 – 1929) CSS 11.6 Causes of the Crash Major Causes • stocks were overpriced • massive fraud and illegal activity • buying on margin • public officials’ repeated reassurances • Federal Reserve policies • US tariff policies • Florida Land Boom • consumer debt Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929 • • • • • “We in America are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land. We have not yet reached the goal—but . . . we shall soon, with the help of God, be in sight of the day when poverty will be banished from this nation.” —Herbert Hoover, 1928 • • • • 1% made over $10,000 5% made $5,000 – 9,000 29% made $2,000 – 5,000 65% made under $2,000 • • 80% of radios purchased on credit 60% of cars purchased on credit Dust Bowl, 1933 • • • • John Steinbeck • • 2 531 Hoover Administration 1929-1933 Election of 1928 • 1928 • • Muscle Shoals Bill, 1930 • Hoover Dam, 1930 • “I do not believe that the power and duty of the General Government ought to be extended to the relief of individual suffering…The lesson should be constantly enforced that though the people support the Government the Government should not support the people.” —Herbert Hoover, 1930 R Herbert C. Hoover 21,391,993 444 D Alfred E. Smith 15,016,169 87 Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), 1932 • • • Bonus Army, 1932 • • • • 3 531 Roosevelt Administration 1933-1937 FDR • “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” D Franklin Roosevelt • • R Herbert C. Hoover S Norman Thomas • Keynsian Economics • Eleanor Roosevelt • • • • • 1932 22,809,638 472 15,758,901 59 881,951 -- Relief: policies that eased the suffering caused by the Depression Recovery: policies that intended to help the US get out of the Depression Reform: policies that intended to keep us from going into another Great Depression 4 First Hundred Days “Try something, if it works, do it. If it doesn’t try something else, but above all—try something.” —Franklin Delano Roosevelt Federal Emergency Banking Relief Act • Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) • • • • • Glass-Steagall Act • • • • Federal Emergency Relief Administration • • • Federal Securities Act • • Federal Housing Authority (FHA) • 5 The New Deal “Throughout the nation men and women, forgotten in the political philosophy of the Government, look to us here for guidance and for more equitable opportunity to share in the distribution of national wealth... I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people. This is more than a political campaign. It is a call to arms.” —Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1932 Public Works Administration (PWA) • Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933 • • • • • • Lincoln Tunnel • Grand Coulee Dam • Key West Highway • Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) • National Industrial Recovery Act, 1933 • • • • • • 6 531 Roosevelt Administration 1937-1945 Packing the Courts • • • AAA and Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938 • • Rural Electrification Administration, 1936 • Social Security Act, 1935 • 1936 D Franklin Roosevelt 27,752,869 523 R Alfred M. Landon 16,674,665 8 U William Lemke 882,479 -- Works Projects Administration (WPA), 1935 • • • • 650,000 miles of roads • 78,000 bridges • 125,000 buildings • 700 miles of airport runway • presented 225,000 concerts for 150 million+ • commissioned almost 475,000 works of art 7 New Deal Critics Criticisms • Father Coughlin • • • • • Huey “Kingfish” Long • • • • • • • • • Supporters • • • 8 New Deal Coalition Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act, 1932 • • Wagner Act, 1935 • • New Deal Coalition • John Lewis • • • • • • • • • • 9 FDR’s Foreign Policy Isolationism • • Nye Committee • Stimson Doctrine, 1931 • • D Franklin Roosevelt 27,307,819 449 R Wendell L. Willkie 22,321,018 82 London Economic Conference, 1933 • • • • Good Neighbor Policy • • Appeasement • • Reciprocal Trading Agreement Act, 1934 • 11.7.4 10 Neutrality The epidemic of world lawlessness is spreading. When an epidemic of physical disease starts to spread, the community approves and joins in a quarantine of the patients in order to protect the health of the community against the spread of disease . . . There must be positive endeavors to preserve peace.” --FDR, Quarantine Speech, 1937 Ethiopian Invasion, 1935 • • Neutrality Act, 1935 • Spanish Civil War, 1935-1939 • Olympic Games in Berlin, 1936 • • • • Rome-Tokyo-Berlin Axis, 1937 • • • • Neutrality Act, 1937 • • Panay Incident, 1937 • 11.7.1 11 Appeasement NAZI Germany • • • • Munich Agreement, 1938 • • • • Non-Aggression Pact, 1939 • • • Sudetenland (September 1938) • Poland, September 1939 • Anschluss (March 1938) • Kristallnacht, 1938 • • • • 11.7.1 12 WWII in Europe Invasion of Western Europe (France) • Four Freedoms Speech, 1941 • • • • Battle of Britain, 1941 • • • Operation Barbarossa, May 1941 • • • • America First Committee, 1940 • • Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allie, 1940 • 11.7.1 13 “A day that will live in infamy” US Approaches WWII Cash and Carry, 1939 • • • Lend-Lease Act, 1940 • • • • Destroyers-for-Bases, 1941 • Atlantic Charter, 1941 • • Reuben James, 1941 • • US Embargo • • • Pearl Harbor, December 1941 • • • • • 11.7.4• 14 American Homefront Office of War Mobilization • War Labor Board • War Production Board • Smith-Connally Act, 1943 • • • • • • • 40 billion bullets 300,000 aircraft 86,000 tanks 2.6 million machine guns 76,000 ships (one in 14 days) Office of Price Administration • • Office of War Information • • Fair Employment Practices Commission • • Rosie the Riveter • • • 11.7.6 • 15 American Homefront Zoot Suit Riots, 1943 • 442nd Regimental Combat Team • • • Executive Order #9066, 1942 • • • • • Korematsu vs. United States, 1944 • • Navajo Codetalkers • Tuskegee Airmen • • • 11.7.3, 11.7.5, 11.10.1 16 The War in Europe Germany First • Operation Torch • • Casablanca Conference, 1943 • Teheran Conference, 1943 • Operation Overlord (D-Day), 1944 • • • Battle of the Bulge, 1944 • • Yalta Conference, 1945 • • • • • V-E Day, May 8, 1945 • Potsdam Conference, 1945 • • 11.7.2 17 “I shall return.” --Gen. Douglas A. MacArthur The War in the Pacific Battle of Coral Sea, 1941 • • Manhattan Project • • Battle of Midway, 1942 • • • Hiroshima, August 6, 1945 • • Leyte Gulf, 1944 • • Iwo Jima and Okinawa, 1945 • • • • Nagasaki, August 9, 1945 • • V-J Day, September 2, 1945 • 11.7.2 18 Total War Final Solution • Fire Bombing Tokyo, March 9-10, 1945 • • • • Medical Experimentation • Technological Innovations • Aviation – jet aircraft • Weaponry – atomic bomb, rocketry • Communication–radar, sonar • Medicine–penicillin, morphine, plasma Rape of Nanking • Cost of War Industrial Bombing • • • • • • 62 millions casualties (400,000 American dead) 25 million military and 37 million civilian abt. 10 million in Holocaust (5 millions Jews) • 70% of European industry destroyed • 13% of US population served (16 million) • US spent $381 billion on war 11.7.7 19