Intro
to
Animals
(EUMETAZOA)
Image from: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/index.html
Animal Evolution
Diagram from slide show by Kim Foglia
Cnidaria
Porifera
sponges
jellyfish
Nematoda
Platyhelminthes
Annelida
Mollusca
Echinoderm
Arthropoda
flatworms roundworms mollusks segmented
worms
insects
spiders
Chordata
starfish
vertebrates
backbone
segmentation
endoskeleton
eucoelom
body cavity
bilateral symmetry
tissues
multicellularity
Ancestral Protist
Animals
Invertebrates
(animals without a backbone)
Porifera
Cnidaria
Worms
Mollusks
Echinoderms
Arthropods
Animals
VertebratesAnimals
with backbones
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
LIFE ON EARTH
Image from: http://ology.amnh.org/biodiversity/treeoflife/pages/graph.html
Characteristics of ALL Animals:
1. Eukaryotic
2. Heterotrophic
3. Multicellular/differentiated cells
4. Cells have NO cell walls
5. Movement
6. Reproduction (Most sexual)
Body Systems :
_____________________
INTEGUMENTARY
OUTSIDE BODY COVERING
(fur, skin, scales, feathers)
Covers and protects, ID,
prevents heat & water loss
Orangutan image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/webquests.php
Fish image from:http://www.woodburning.com/fish/
Frog image from: http://gladstone.uoregon.edu/~mmorley/rainbow/green%20frog.jpg
Cardinal image from: http://www.nps.gov/fopu/pulaskione/GRAPHIC/IMAGES/birds/Northern%20Cardinal.jpg
Body Systems :
_________________
DIGESTIVE
Breaks down food to
obtain nutrients
&
gets rid of
undigested waste
Image from: http://infozone.imcpl.org/kids_diges.htm
http://www.tape-worm.info/
EX: tapeworm
NO OPENINGS:
Food enters through
cell surface
Image by Riedell
EX: sponges
Sponge images from Animals slide show by Kim Foglia @ http://www.explorebiology.com
Images from:
http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif
http://contanatura.weblog.com.pt/arquivo/2005/09/imortalidade_pr.html
http://www.explorebiology.com
EX: jellyfish, hydra, planaria
ONE OPENING combined digestive/circulatory space
= GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY
FOOD IN and WASTE OUT through same opening
Image from: http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif
TWO OPENINGS:
FOOD IN at one end (mouth)
WASTE OUT at other end (ANUS)
Image from: http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif
Two openings:
Most efficient
If food flows only one direction it
allows for organ specialization
(Different parts can start to do different jobs)
Body Systems :
__________________
CIRCULATORY
Transports nutrients/oxygen to body cells
Carries carbon dioxide/nitrogen waste
away from cells
Circulatory fluid can be:
CLOSED
inside blood vessels = _________
loose inside body spaces = OPEN
_______
Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/147a.gif
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Protection against
“foreign invaders”
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255ion/fig14X28.jpg
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/IMMUNOLOGY/tutorials/antibody/structure.html
Body Systems :
___________________
RESPIRATORY
Exchange gases with the
environment
• take in oxygen
• remove waste gases
(CO2 &/or ammonia)
Image from: http://www.umm.edu/respiratory/images/respiratory_anatomy.gif
GAS EXCHANGE THROUGH SKIN
BOOK LUNGS
http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/InvertZoo/LecArthropod/SpiderX.jpg
TRACHEA & SPIRACLES
GILLS
LUNGS
trachea
lung
anterior
air sacs
posterior
air sacs
http://www.ciggyfree.com/cigblog/wp-content/uploads/2007/02/lungs.gif
BREATHING WITH LUNGS
• Positive pressure
• Air pushed into lungs
• Negative pressure
• Air pulled into lungs
(diaphragm)
UNIQUE BIRD LUNGS
AIRS SACS ATTACHEDTO LUNGS
ALLOW OXYGEN IN LUNGS on the
INHALE and on the EXHALE
Animation from:
http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm/birds
Body Systems :
EXCRETORY
___________________
•
•
Collect and remove nitrogen waste
made by cells
Help with HOMEOSTASIS
by maintaining water/ion balance
OSMOREGULATION
(_________________________)
NITROGEN WASTE :
AMMONIA
_________________ Most TOXIC
Must be removed QUICKLY
Needs MOST water to dilute
UREA
______________
Made from ammonia by liver
Less toxic than ammonia
Can be stored if diluted with water
(Needs less water to dilute than ammonia)
URIC ACID LEAST TOXIC
______________
Can be stored if diluted with water
(Needs LEAST amount of water to dilute)
NITROGEN WASTE
http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbio/nitrowaste.JPG
ALL WASTE is NOT THE SAME!
DIGESTIVE
WASTE
WHERE IT’S
MADE?
Body system
used?
In what form?
NITROGEN
WASTE
made by cells
left over from from break
undigested food down of proteins
& nucleic acids
Handled by
digestive system
Feces
(poop)
Handled by
excretory system
ammonia, urea,
or uric acid
(waste + water = urine)
•
•
•
•
NEPHRIDIA
MALPIGHIAN TUBULES
FLAME CELLS
KIDNEYS
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/Faculty/Farabee/BIOBK/insectexcret_1.gif
http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/InvertZoo/LecArthropod/SpiderX.jpg
http://www.pleasanton.k12.ca.us/avhsweb/thiel/apbio/review/excretory.html
Body Systems :
SKELETAL
___________________
Framework to support body/protection
ENDOSKELETON
Skeleton on inside = _______________
EXOSKELETON
Skeleton on outside = _______________
Walking skeleton image from: http://virtualastronaut.jsc.nasa.gov/textonly/act15/text-skeletonpuz.html
Insect lefg image from:http://www.zoobooks.com/newFrontPage/animals/virtualZoo/animals/i/insects/images/exoskeleton
Image from: http://kidshealth.org/kid/body/muscles_noSW.html
Body Systems :
MUSCULAR
_______________
Locomotion- move body itself
OR
move substances through body
(EX: food through digestive system;
blood through vessels)
http://www.angliacampus.com/public/sec/science/nutriton/images/peristal.gif
Body Systems :
REPRODUCTIVE
_____________________
-
Produce offspring by combining
genetic material from 2 parents
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
= __________________________
Produce offspring using genetic
material from only 1 parent
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
=_______________________
Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp
Planaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htm
REPRODUCTIVE
INDIRECT
______________
DEVELOPMENT
immature LARVA looks different than adult
Metamorphosis image from: http://www.lincoln.midcoast.com/~del/butterfly
Frog image from: http://www.animationlibrary.co
DIRECT DEVELOPMENT
__________
young are smaller
versions on adults
Image from: http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG
Sperm and egg join
fertilization
outside female’s body = External
___________________
Sperm and egg join
Internal fertilization
inside female’s body = ____________________
Animation from: http://discover.edventures.com/images/termlib/f/fertilization/support.gif
___________________
NERVOUS
Receive sensory info
about environment
&
send response signals
http://www.roadhunter.com/~ceph/gallery/anatomy07.jpg
ENDOCRINE
__________________
Make hormones
that regulate
other body systems
Image from: http://www.cushings-help.com/images/endocrine.jpg
Kinds of Symmetry
Asymmetry
Radial
Images from:
http://mbgnet.mobot.org/salt/animals/sponges.htm
http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/animal%20dissections.htm
http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Documents/Animals/Symmetry.htm
Bilateral
DORSAL
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
VENTRAL
Animation from: http://bestanimations.com
CEPHALIZATION
________________
Concentration of nervous tissue and
sensory organs in anterior end of an
organism (head area)
•
•
•
•
First seen in Platyhelminthes (flat worms)
Associated with bilateral symmetry
Efficient response to stimulus
Sense organs encounter environment first
EMBRYOLOGY
Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml
1. Where does BLASTOPORE end up?
2. What do embryos look like as they divide?
3. When do cells decide what they will be?
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
Becomes
digestive
system
Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm
1.Where does BLASTOPORE end up?
Images modified from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm
What do embryos look like as they divide?
SPIRAL
RADIAL
CLEAVAGE
CLEAVAGE
Images from:
http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/so28_04.gif
When do cells decide what
they will become?
Image from: http://www.rbej.com/content/figures/1477-7827-1-100-1.jpg
Cells decide early
Removing cell causes death
DETERMINATE
Cells decide later
Removing cell OK
INDETERMINATE
Images modified from: http://www.rbej.com/content/figures/1477-7827-1-100-1.jpg
THAT’S WHERE TWINS COME FROM !
ONLY
Deuterostomes
can have
identical twins!
MONOZYGOTIC TWINS
(Maternal twins)
Identical DNA
DIZYGOTIC TWINS
(Fraternal twins)
DIFFERENT DNA
ANIMALS
(Triploblastic)
PROTOSTOMES
Blastopore becomes
MOUTH
Decide very early
(DETERMINATE)
SPIRAL cleavage
MOST INVERTEBRATES
except ECHINODERMS
DEUTEROSTOMES
Blastopore becomes
ANUS
Decide later
(INDETERMINATE)
RADIAL cleavage
ALL VERTEBRATES
(Fish, amphibians, birds,
reptiles, mammals)
plus ECHINODERMS
Image from: http://www.bsac21.freeserve.co.uk/images/Critters/Starfish%20Bloody%20Henry.JPG
“Exception to the rule”
ECHINODERMS ARE
THE ONLY
INVERTEBRATE
DEUTEROSTOMES
http://my3boysandi.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/spongebob_1.jpg
Porifera and Cnidarians
have only TWO germ layers
Not considered PROTOSTOMES
http://z.about.com/d/healing/1/0/Y/O/gtotem_jellyfish.jpg
BODY PLAN
INVERTEBRATES
• Dorsal heart
• Ventral nerve cord
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/biodidac/crus001and2b.gif/small.jpg
VERTEBRATES
• Ventral heart
• Dorsal nerve cord
GASTRULATIONcells move inward overlip of blastopore
THREE germ layers form
Becomes
digestive
system
Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm
All animals have 3 germ layers
= TRIPLOBLASTIC
Except: sponges, jellyfish, anemones
= DIPLOBLASTIC
Endoderm
Digestive system,
respiratory
Mesoderm Muscle, excretory, bones,
circulatory
Ectoderm
Outer skin, brain,
nervous system
Types of Coeloms (See-Lums)
No cavity (space) around organs
Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm
ACOELOM = “without space”
FLATWORMS are
ACOELOMATES!
Types of Coeloms (See-Lums)
Space around organs but only lined with
mesoderm on one side
(lines body wall BUT NOT around gut)
Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm
PSEUDOCOELOM
ROUND WORMS are
PSEUDOCOELOMATES!
Kinds of Coeloms (See-Lums)
EUCOELOM: Body cavity (space) lined
on BOTH sides by mesoderm
Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm
EUCOELOM = TRUE COELOM = COELOM
EUCOELOMATES
ALL
VERTEBRATES &
MOST
INVERTEBRATES
3 Types of Coeloms
ACOELOM
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
EUCOELOM
PSEUDOCOELOM
Image from: http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310images/310bil5.jpg
FUNCTIONS of having a
COELOM (body space):
Provides space/cushion internal organs
In animals without a skeletonFluid in coelom space can act as a
HYDROSTATIC skeleton
In animals without blood vesselsFluid in coelom space can circulate
nutrients and oxygen to cells
ADVANTAGE OF a EUCOELOM?
Digestive organ muscles and body wall
muscles come from MESODERM in
different places so organism can digest
food and move at same time.
Images from:
http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310images/310bil5.jpg
http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Images/Animal_Images/coelomate.gif
ECTOTHERMIC
ADVANTAGES:
Slow metabolism means you can survive
on 1/10 the food as a same size endotherm
DISADVANTAGES:
• Can’t to live in extremely cold places
(NO reptiles in Arctic)
• Can’t keep up max activity level for long
Endothermic “warm-blooded”
• Create own body heat
• FAST metabolism allows for:
high activity for extended time
ability to live in variety of environments
• EX: Birds, Mammals
SOURCES
Anemone from: http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/children/animals/cnidaria.gif
Snail from: http://www.lucinda.net/surber/graphics/orlovsky.gif
Crab from: http://www.gifs.net
Clam from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/animal%20dissections.htm
Ant from: http://www.wildaboutbritain.co.uk
Millipede from:
http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/sirrobhitch.suffolk/key/images/invertebrates/millipede.jpg
Starfish from: http://www.gifs.net
Jellyfish from: http://www.aloha.com/~lifeguards/jellie75.jpg
Tree frog: http://www.dynamicearth.co.uk/education/images/tree_frog.jpg
Turtle: http://www.50birds.com/images/endttboxturtle.jpg
Bird: http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/homepage.htm
Fish from: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/trimethylamine/fish.gif
Orangutan: http://www.biologycorner.com/webquests.php
Earthworm :
http://www.york.ac.uk/org/ciec/CaringfortheEnvironment.29.
4.03/Exxon/Food%20Chain%20images/ExxonPicsLarge/Earthworms.jpg
Starfish from: http://www.gifs.net
Snail from: http://www.lucinda.net/surber/graphics/orlovsky.gif
Crab from: http://www.animation-station.com/fish/index.php?page=2
All images on this page from: http://www.seaworld.org/AnimalBytes/animal_bytes.html