Medicine's 10
greatest discoveries
Meyer Friedman
and Berald W. Friedland
1998 by Yale University
怪才, 偶然與醫學大發現
趙三賢譯
商周出版（台北, 2004）
1.
維薩里 (Andreas Vesalius) 與現代人體解剖學
2.
哈維 (William Harvey) 與血液循環論
3.
雷文霍克 (Antony Leeuwenhoek) 與細菌
4.
金納 (Edward Jenner) 與牛痘疫苗
5.
朗 (Crawford Long) 與手術麻醉
6.
倫琴 (Wilhelm Roentgen) 與X光
7.
哈里遜 (Ross Harrison) 與組織培養
8.
安尼契科夫 (Nikolai Anichkov) 與膽固醇
9.
弗萊明 ( Alexander Fleming) 與抗生素
10.
魏爾金 (Maurice Wilkins) 與DNA
維薩里 (Andreas Vesalius) 與現代人體解剖學
 In 1543 he published his De Humani
Corporis Fabrica ("On the Structure of
the Human Body", 7 volumes, 1543,
published in Basel, Switzerland, with
many of the fine engravings rendered by
Jan van Calcar, a pupil of Titian) .
 Vesalius's dissection of human bodies
brought upon him the death sentence for
grave-robbing (He stole the bodies of
executed criminals).
 His empirical approach to anatomy made
him the first to challenge Aristotle's
naming the heart the seat of the
personality.
http://noosphere.cc/flandersScientists.html
另一個對照:

Galen, who served the
emperor Marcus
Aurelius, wrote over
500 books on medicine.

Although Galen
discovered the
functions of many
internal organs, he
made many mistakes
because he assumed
that the human body
worked exactly like that
of other animals.
Galen, (AD 129-210), the
historical physician from the
Roman era, is depicted with other
classical figures, 2nd Avenue
north of St. Marks Place (New
York. It's on the buildings high
above and in the subways and
tunnels deep below. It's even in
the paths the streets take).
http://www.ea.pvt.k12.pa.us/medant/galbio.htm
哈維 (William Harvey) 與血液循環論

William Harvey
(1578-1657) using
a deer to
demonstrate the
circulatory
system. His
research laid the
foundation for a
scientific
approach to
medicine.
http://www.bumc.bu.edu/Departments/PageMain.asp?Page=1727&DepartmentID=69
哈維 (William Harvey) 與血液循環論

Harvey shows that venal
blood flows only toward the
heart. He ligatured an arm to
make obvious the veins and
their valves, then pressed
blood away from the heart
and showed that the vein
would remain empty because
blocked by the valve.

On the Circulation of the
Blood (1628).
http://www.timelinescience.org/resource/students/blood/harvey.htm
朗 (Crawford Long) 與手術麻醉

Dr. Long was a young
bachelor of 27, when he
noticed that participants
under the recreational use of
ether felt no pain from injuries
received during their “frolics.”
He reached the conclusion
that ether could make surgery
painless. The opportunity to
test his theory came when
James Venable requested that
Dr. Long remove a cyst from
his neck.
March 30, 1842, first used
ether for surgical
anesthesia.
http://www.crawfordlong.org/Welcome&History.HTM
倫琴 (Wilhelm Roentgen) 與X光

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen’s discovery of xrays in 1895. Experiments conducted prior to
this official beginning – one as early as 1785
by Welsh mathematician William Morgan –
actually were the field’s first steps. Scientists
had experimented with cathode rays during
the 1850s.

Within a year of Roentgen’s work there were
nearly 1,000 scientific papers published about
x-rays!

In 1896, JAMA carried an article theorizing the
therapeutic use of x-rays. However, some of
the early work resulted in harm and death.
From 1896 to 1903, 14 British operators died
from over exposure.
http://www.msit.com/rad_hist.html
哈里遜 (Ross Harrison) 與組織培養
•
•

In an early experiment, he joined parts
of embryos from differently coloured
frogs to observe the movement of cells
during the subsequent development of
the embryos produced in this way. He
found a new method of studying cells,
the hanging- drop culture method
(1907), by which he kept fragments of
living tissue alive in suitable media and
watch them multiply.

One of Harrison's first experiments was
based on an experiment of a young
German anatomist, G. Born. In 1894,
Born had discovered by chance that
parts of frog embryos when cut apart
could be healed together again.
http://www.todayinsci.com/cgi-bin/indexpage.pl?http://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_13.htm
http://zygote.swarthmore.edu/axon1a.html
哈里遜這個人

兩次與諾貝爾獎擦身而過



1917年，因為戰爭的緣故而不頒發生理醫學獎
(反德意識, 這個美國動物學家與德國的淵源很
深) 。
1933 ，組織培養是一門價值相當有限的技術，
1907年Harrison的發現已經過了太多年。
尼可拉斯寫他的回憶錄時的結尾說: 凡他所
做的，盡都順利。
怪才, 偶然與醫學大發現, 商周出版（台
北, 2004）, 頁: 210-212
安尼契科夫 (Nikolai Anichkov) 與膽固醇
http://medweb.pc.edu/students/med2003/couch1/page2.html
安尼契科夫 (Nikolai Anichkov) 與膽固醇
1912 Nikolai Anichkov discovered that
cholesterol was responsible for coronary
artery disease, currently the world's most
deadly disease.
 Rabbits are vegetarians -- they never eat meat. Dr. Anichkov fed
rabbits lots of meat and they died. He claimed that they died from
heart disease and that they had very high cholesterol on the basis
of their meat diet.
 What a foolish claim! Many scientists in more modern times will
make reference to this "study" without ever telling you about it -so as to make a false claim of early origin for the "high-cholesterol
causes heart disease" myth!
 Karl Loren (科學異議份子):
http://www.chelationtherapyonline.com/articles/p129.htm
魏爾金 (Maurice Wilkins) 與DNA
 He had spent seven years in physics research and now began in
biophysics.
 He was first concerned with genetic
effects of ultrasonics, After one or two
years, he changed his research to
development of reflecting
microscopes for ultraviolet
microspectrophotometric study of
nucleic acids in cells.
 He then began X-ray diffraction
studies of DNA and sperm heads.
Further X-ray studies established the
correctness DNA structure.
http://www.louisville.edu/a-s/chemistry/ peptide/Crick.JP
http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1962/wilkins-bio.html
By Friedman & Freidland
by AAPA’s Clinical and Scientific
Affairs Council
1.
人體解剖學
1.
2.
血液循環論
2.
3.
細菌
3.
4.
牛痘疫苗
4.
5.
手術麻醉
5.
6.
7.
X光
組織培養
8.
膽固醇
9.
抗生素, Fleming
10.
DNA, Wilkins
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
the PA Profession
Penicillin (9), Fleming
Insulin (8?)
HIV (3?)
Organ Transplantation
Oral Contraceptives
Smoking/Lung cancer
Polio Vaccine
Eradication of Smallpox (4)
CT/MRI (6)
DNA (10), Watson & Click
天才嗎?

我們讚嘆這十位發現者與生俱來的聰明，
但我們並不訝異於這樣的智力， 因為我
們可以聊解他們思考的軌跡。事實上，
我們相信， 假如易地而處， 我們也能
達到它們的成就。 然而，沒人會妄想自
己擁有莫札特的音樂天份、莎士比亞的
戲劇天份，或是牛頓的物理天份。
怪才, 偶然與醫學大發現, 商周出版（台
北, 2004）, 頁: 335