UNIT IV
Chapter 10
Principles of Evolution
UNIT 4: EVOLUTION
Chapter 10: Principles of Evolution
I. Early Ideas about Evolution (10.1)
A. Early scientists proposed ideas about
evolution
1. Evolution- process of biological change
by which descendants come to differ from
their ancestors
2. Other scientists besides Darwin came
up with idea
B. Four scientists important in development of
evolution theory
1. Carolus Linnaeus (1700’s)developed classification system to
name living things (grouped by
similarities)
2. Georges Louis Leclerc de
Buffon (1700’s)- proposed
species shared ancestors
instead of arising separately
3. Erasamus DarwinDarwin’s grandfather.
Proposed that all living
things were descended
from a common ancestor
4. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck -proposed
theory that all organisms evolved
toward perfection and complexity.
a. Proposed changes
in environment caused
an organism behavior
to change, leading to
greater use or disuse
of a structure or organ
b. Organism then
passed changes on to
offspring
C. Theories of geologic change set stage for
Darwin’s Theory
1. Age of the Earth was key issue in early
debates
a. Many thought Earth
on 6000 years old
b. Discovery of fossils
created controversy
2. James Hutton (late 1700’s)- proposed that Earth
very old. Said geologic change occurred
gradually (called gradualism)
3. Charles Lyell (1830)- published “Principles of
Geology”. Also said Earth must be very old. Said
changes in Earth occurred at constant rate over
time
a. Same changes we see happening today
b. Greatly affected Darwin’s thinking.
II. Darwin’s Observations (10.2)
A. Darwin observed differences among island
species
1. Differences between
species studied on
Galapagos Islands
2. Noticed variations well suited to animals
environment (variation- differences in physical
traits)
3. Studied birds, tortoises and said some how adapt
to their surroundings (adaptation- a feature that
allows an organism to better survive in
environment)
B. Darwin observed fossil and geologic evidence
supporting ancient Earth
1. Discovered fossil evidence
of species changed over time
2. Suggested that modern
organisms have relationship
to fossil forms
3. Earth must be very old (supported Lyell’s theory)
4. Darwin said, like the Earth, organisms must
change gradually over time
III. Theory of Natural Selection (10.3)
A. Several key insights led to Darwin’s idea for
natural selection
1. Artificial Selection- process by which
humans changes a species by breeding it
for certain traits
a. Darwin compared what he
learned about breeding to his idea
of adaptation
b. Said that in nature, environment
creates selective pressure instead
of humans in artificial selection
2. Natural Selection- mechanism by which
environment is selective agent
a. Darwin used work of others to develop theory
b. Said adaptations arose
over many generations
(called process “decent
with modification)
B. Natural selection explains how evolution can occur
1. 4 main principles to theory of natural
selection
a. Variation- variations in populations are
basis for natural selection.
b. Overproduction- organisms produce more
offspring than will survive (creates competition)
c. Adaptation- Some adaptations allow organism to
survive at higher rate and individuals are
“naturally selected” to survive and produce
offspring
d. Descent with Modification- Over time, natural
selection will result in species with adaptations
that are well suited for survival
Before the industrial revolution, soot was rare in the
English countryside. A light-colored moth was
difficult to see against the clean bark.
Which moth would most likely be noticed by a
hungry bird?
2. Fitness- measure of ability to survive and produce
more offspring relative to other members of a
population
C. Natural selection acts on existing variation
1. Natural selection acts on phenotypes (not
genetic material itself)
2. As environment
changes, different
traits will become
beneficial.
IV. Evidence of Evolution (10.4)
A. Evidence for evolution in Darwin’s time
came from several sources
1.Fossils- supported Darwin’s “descent
with modification”
2. Geography- Darwin realized that finches found on
Galapagos Islands closely resembled those
found on mainland.
a. Over time new traits became well established in
separate island populations
b. The different environments on each island led
tospecific adaptations in diets, habits, and beak
shapes
3. Embryology- Similarities in embryos showed
relation-ships between organisms and possible
common ancestor
4. Anatomy- Some of Darwin’s best evidence came
from comparing body parts of different species
a. homologous structuresfeatures that are similar in
structure but have different
functions (suggested
common ancestor) (i.e.
forelimbs of vertebrates)
b. analogous structures-structures that perform
similar function but are not similar in origin (i.e.
wings of bats and insects)
B. Structural patterns are clues to the history of a
species
1. vestigial structures- structures or organs
that seem to lack any useful function that had a
function in early ancestor
2. Examples of vestigial structures found in
many organisms. (e.g. human appendix, wings
of Ostriches)
V. Evolutionary Biology Today (10.5)
A. Fossils provide a record of evolution
1. Paleontology- study of
fossils or extinct organisms
2. Fossil evidence shows
change in forms over time.
3. New fossils found that fill
in “gaps” (transitional forms)
B. Molecular and genetic evidence support fossil
and anatomical evidence
Chimp chromosomes (24 pair)
Human chromosomes (23 pair)
1. DNA sequence analysis- more closely
related have more similar DNA
2. Pseudogenes- genes that no longer function.
Similarities in organisms suggest common
ancestor
3. Protein comparisons- Similarities in proteins
found in specific cell types suggest common
ancestor
C. Evolution unites all fields of biology
1. New discoveries and tools helping to study
mechanisms of evolution
2. Principles used to study medicine, disease,
ecology, etc.
To avoid going extinct a population
must not only survive, but also
reproduce. Yale's Paul Turner,
associate professor of ecology and
evolutionary biology, tested the
practicality of luring a virus
population into the wrong cells
within the human body, thus
preventing virus reproduction and
alleviating disease.
Chapter 10
Principles of
Evolution
During the voyage of the Beagle, many of
Darwin's observations were made
a.
in England.
b.
in North America.
c.
on the Galápagos Islands.
d.
in Africa.
During the voyage of the Beagle, many of
Darwin's observations were made
a.
in England.
b.
in North America.
c.
on the Galápagos Islands.
d.
in Africa.
The species of finches that Darwin found on the
Galápagos Islands displayed different structural
adaptations. One of the adaptations that Darwin
noted was the
a.
similarities of the birds' embryos.
b.
birds' differently shaped beaks.
c.
length of the birds' necks.
d.
number of eggs in each bird's nest.
The species of finches that Darwin found on the
Galápagos Islands displayed different structural
adaptations. One of the adaptations that Darwin
noted was the
a.
similarities of the birds' embryos.
b.
birds' differently shaped beaks.
c.
length of the birds' necks.
d.
number of eggs in each bird's nest.
Hutton and Lyell's work suggested that
a.
Earth is millions of years old.
b.
Earth is several thousand years old.
c.
fossils are not the remains of living things.
d.
all rocks on Earth contain fossils.
Hutton and Lyell's work suggested that
a.
Earth is millions of years old.
b.
Earth is several thousand years old.
c.
fossils are not the remains of living things.
d.
all rocks on Earth contain fossils.
Hutton and Lyell's work was important to Darwin
because it
a.
was the first to attempt to explain
catastrophic events such as earthquakes.
b.
completely explained the nature of all
geologic events on Earth.
c.
suggested that Earth was old enough for
evolution to have occurred.
d.
refuted the work of Wallace, which relied
on misunderstandings about geology.
Hutton and Lyell's work was important to Darwin
because it
a.
was the first to attempt to explain
catastrophic events such as earthquakes.
b.
completely explained the nature of all
geologic events on Earth.
c.
suggested that Earth was old enough
for evolution to have occurred.
d.
refuted the work of Wallace, which relied
on misunderstandings about geology.
Which is a major concept included in Lamarck's
theory of evolution?
a.
Change is the result of mutations.
b.
Body structure can change according to
the needs of the organism.
c.
Selection pressures decrease the rate of
evolution.
d.
Sexual reproduction is the genetic basis
for variations.
Which is a major concept included in Lamarck's
theory of evolution?
a.
Change is the result of mutations.
b.
Body structure can change according
to the needs of the organism.
c.
Selection pressures decrease the rate of
evolution.
d.
Sexual reproduction is the genetic basis
for variations.
The economist Malthus suggested that
a.
people die faster than babies are born.
b.
babies are born faster than people die.
c.
in the 1700s, Earth was overrun by
people.
d.
in the 2000s, the seas will be overrun by
oysters.
The economist Malthus suggested that
a.
people die faster than babies are born.
b.
babies are born faster than people die.
c.
in the 1700s, Earth was overrun by
people.
d.
in the 2000s, the seas will be overrun by
oysters.
Darwin was prompted to publish his theory of
evolution by
a.
an essay by Wallace on evolution.
b.
the publication of Lamarck's theory of
evolution.
c.
the vice governor of the Galápagos
Islands.
d.
his wife.
Darwin was prompted to publish his theory of
evolution by
a.
an essay by Wallace on evolution.
b.
the publication of Lamarck's theory of
evolution.
c.
the vice governor of the Galápagos
Islands.
d.
his wife.
When Darwin returned from the voyage of the
Beagle, he
a.
immediately publish his theory of
evolution.
b.
realized his theory of evolution was wrong.
c.
waited many years to publish his theory of
evolution.
d.
copied the evolutionary theory of Wallace.
When Darwin returned from the voyage of the
Beagle, he
a.
immediately publish his theory of
evolution.
b.
realized his theory of evolution was wrong.
c.
waited many years to publish his
theory of evolution.
d.
copied the evolutionary theory of Wallace.
When a farmer breeds only his or her best
livestock, the process involved is
a.
natural selection.
b.
artificial selection.
c.
artificial variation.
d.
survival of the fittest.
When a farmer breeds only his or her best
livestock, the process involved is
a.
natural selection.
b.
artificial selection.
c.
artificial variation.
d.
survival of the fittest.
According to Darwin's theory of natural
selection, individuals who survive are most likely
the ones best adapted to exist in their
environment. Their survival is due to the
a.
possession of structures developed
through use.
b.
possession of adaptations that maximize
fitness.
c.
lack of competition within the species.
d.
ability to change their genotype.
According to Darwin's theory of natural
selection, individuals who survive are most likely
the ones best adapted to exist in their
environment. Their survival is due to the
a.
possession of structures developed
through use.
b.
possession of adaptations that
maximize fitness.
c.
lack of competition within the species.
d.
ability to change their genotype.
An adaptation is a characteristic that can be
physical or
a.
behavioral.
b.
geographical.
c.
acquired.
d.
that does not affect fitness.
An adaptation is a characteristic that can be
physical or
a.
behavioral.
b.
geographical.
c.
acquired.
d.
that does not affect fitness.
When lions prey on a herd of antelope, some
antelope are eliminated. Which part of Darwin's
theory of evolution may be used to describe this
situation?
a.
acquired characteristics
b.
reproductive isolation
c.
survival of the fittest
d.
speciation due to mutations
When lions prey on a herd of antelope, some
antelope are eliminated. Which part of Darwin's
theory of evolution may be used to describe this
situation?
a.
acquired characteristics
b.
reproductive isolation
c.
survival of the fittest
d.
speciation due to mutations
According to Darwin's theory of natural
selection, the individuals that tend to survive are
those that have
a.
characteristics their parents acquired by
use and disuse.
b.
undergone mutations.
c.
the smallest number of offspring.
d.
variations best suited to the environment.
According to Darwin's theory of natural
selection, the individuals that tend to survive are
those that have
a.
characteristics their parents acquired by
use and disuse.
b.
undergone mutations.
c.
the smallest number of offspring.
d.
variations best suited to the
environment.
What is evolution?
a.
the increased reproductive success of the
fittest individuals
b.
the diminished reproductive success of
poorly adapted individuals
c.
the change in the inherited characteristics
of a population
d.
the struggle for existence undergone by all
living things
What is evolution?
a.
the increased reproductive success of the
fittest individuals
b.
the diminished reproductive success of
poorly adapted individuals
c.
the change in the inherited
characteristics of a population
d.
the struggle for existence undergone by all
living things
The pelvis and femur of the whale shown in
Figure _____________.
a.
allow the whale to walk.
b.
are vestigial structures.
c.
are acquired traits.
d.
are not inherited.
The pelvis and femur of the whale shown in
Figure _______________.
a.
allow the whale to walk.
b.
are vestigial structures.
c.
are acquired traits.
d.
are not inherited.
The observation by Darwin that finches of
different species on the Galápagos Islands have
many similar physical characteristics supports
the conclusion that these finches
a.
have the ability to interbreed.
b.
acquired traits through use and disuse.
c.
all eat the same type of food.
d.
originated from a common ancestor.
The observation by Darwin that finches of
different species on the Galápagos Islands have
many similar physical characteristics supports
the conclusion that these finches
a.
have the ability to interbreed.
b.
acquired traits through use and disuse.
c.
all eat the same type of food.
d.
originated from a common ancestor.
The number and location of bones of many
fossil vertebrates are similar to those in living
vertebrates. Most evolutionary biologists would
probably explain this on the basis of
a.
the needs of the organism.
b.
a common ancestor.
c.
a chance occurrence.
d.
the inheritance of acquired traits.
The number and location of bones of many
fossil vertebrates are similar to those in living
vertebrates. Most evolutionary biologists would
probably explain this on the basis of
a.
the needs of the organism.
b.
a common ancestor.
c.
a chance occurrence.
d.
the inheritance of acquired traits.
The theory that organisms evolve, or change,
over time by natural selection was proposed by
a.
Hutton.
b.
Lamarck.
c.
Malthus.
d.
Darwin.
The theory that organisms evolve, or change,
over time by natural selection was proposed by
a.
Hutton.
b.
Lamarck.
c.
Malthus.
d.
Darwin.
Which statement is in agreement with Darwin's
theory of evolution?
a.
More offspring are produced than can
possibly survive.
b.
The organisms that are the fittest are
always largest.
c.
Number of offspring is not related to
fitness.
d.
Acquired characteristics are inherited.
Which statement is in agreement with Darwin's
theory of evolution?
a.
More offspring are produced than can
possibly survive.
b.
The organisms that are the fittest are
always largest.
c.
Number of offspring is not related to
fitness.
d.
Acquired characteristics are inherited.
Which phrase best defines evolution by natural
selection?
a.
an adaptation of an organism to its
environment
b.
a sudden replacement of one community
by another
c.
a geographic or reproductive isolation of
organisms
d.
a process of change in organisms over a
period of time
Which phrase best defines evolution by natural
selection?
a.
an adaptation of an organism to its
environment
b.
a sudden replacement of one community
by another
c.
a geographic or reproductive isolation of
organisms
d.
a process of change in organisms over
a period of time
The following dog breeds were produced by the
process known as ______________.
The following dog breeds were produced by the
process known as artificial selection
The diagram below represents what type of
structures?
The diagram below represents what type of
structures?
Homologous structures
What is the name of the book in which Charles
Darwin presented his theory of evolution?
What is the name of the book in which Charles
Darwin presented his theory of evolution?
The Origin of Species