Sensation and Perception Modules 18, 19 , 20 What we’ll sense and perceive… in this chapter: Sense: especially vision and hearing smell, taste, touch, pain, and awareness of body position How do the sense organs and nervous system handle incoming sensory information? How does the brain turn sensory information into perceptions? Why is our style of creating perceptions better at perceiving the real world than at decoding tricky optical illusions? Sensation vs. Perception Sensation “The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.” The brain receives input from the sensory organs. Perception “The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.” The brain makes sense out of the input from sensory organs. Making sense of the world What am I seeing? Bottom-up processing: taking sensory information and then assembling and integrating it Top-down processing: using models, ideas, and expectations to interpret sensory information Is that something I’ve seen before? Do you see a painting or a 3D bottle? What’s on the bottle? Kids see eight to ten dolphins. Why do you think kids see something different than adults? Top-down Processing You may start to see something in this picture if we give your brain some concepts to apply: “tree” “sidewalk” “dog” “Dalmatian” From Sensory Organs to the Brain The process of sensation can be seen as three steps: Reception-the stimulation of sensory receptor cells by energy (sound, light, heat, etc) Transduction-transforming this cell stimulation into neural impulses Transmission-delivering this neural information to the brain to be processed Sensation-Perception The strange case of Dr. P Visual Agnosia seeing without "knowing" Helen Sellers Prosopagnosia face blindness http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Books/video/heather-sellers-battle-faceblindness-11906989 Fusiform area Face recognition Face blindness Prosopagnosia Greek: “prosopon” ( face) “ag nosia” (not knowing) What if face recognition ok, but emotion inputs are disconnected? CAPRAS SYNDROME: My wife is an imposter!! Oliver Sacks Prosopagnosia face blindness https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5bvnX YIQG8 Sensation-Perception Agnosias show both sides of “-” Sensation transduction/assembly Perception recognition/meaning Importance of S-P research ancient philosophical riddle: What is reality? clinical and practical applications Sensory disorders Problems of daily living (e.g. accidents) 3 Approaches to Sens-Percep 1. Psychophysical 2. Physiological 3. Cognitive Psychophysics Quantifying sensation How much energy needed before detection? What does "twice" as loud mean? Gustav Fechner (1860) Absolute threshold (50% likelihood of being detected) Thresholds The absolute threshold refers to the minimum level of stimulus intensity needed to detect a stimulus half the time. Anything below this threshold is considered “subliminal.” Psychophysics Gustav Fechner (1860) JND= Just Noticable Difference Q: What is the JND for light? Q: What is the JND for sound? Any general law for intensity scaling? Weber's Law: Intensity = constant proportion of initial stimulus Weber Fraction e.g., JND for light = 1/60 watts General scaling of "intensity“ Fechner: Stevens (1960s): Use #JNDs above absolute “Power Law” Magnitude ratings Fit mathematical curves Best fitting exponent for each sense When Absolute Thresholds are not Absolute Signal detection theory refers to whether or not we detect a stimulus, especially amidst background noise. This depends not just on intensity of the stimulus but on psychological factors such as the person’s experience, expectations, motivations, and alertness. 17 Signal Detection Theory (SDT) Detection is rarely absolute because Stimulus certainty varies Motivation varies (e.g., noise) (e.g., boredom) Signal Detection Theory (SDT) Hits + / + Correct Rejections Misses - / + False Alarms + / - -/- Signal Detection Theory (SDT) Detection rate controlling response bias Takes into account statistical nature of detection Takes into account psychological factors affecting detection Signal Detection Theory (SDT) In medical diagnosis which signal detection outcome is most critical? a) Hits b) Misses c) False Alarms d) Correct rejections Signal Detection Theory (SDT) In the judicial system which signal detection outcome is most critical? a) Hits b) Misses c) False Alarms d) Correct rejections Sensory Adaptation Entering movie theatre (vision) Visiting friend's apartment (smell) Change detection is evolutionarily critical Why don't visual images fade? Saccades eye movements Pritchard (1961) Martinez-Conde et al. (2006) Sensory Adaptation Even visual perception of emotional expressions show evidence of sensory adaptation…. Gaze at the angry face on the left for 20 to 30 seconds, then look at the center face (looks scared, yes?). Then gaze at the scared face on the right for 20 to 30 seconds, before returning to the center face (now looks angry, yes?). (From Butler et al., 2008.) http://www.forbes.com/pictures/eimh45mfkh/mocha-cookie-crumble/ 500 grams of fat. = 2 Big Macs Subliminal Perception Sub + Limen Advertising: e.g., "Joe Camel" Big Tobacco & Subliminal Percep. Subliminal Perception Silverman (1988) Use subliminal msg. to test Freudian ideas “Dynamic Activation Method” Tachistoscope “Mommy and I Are One” RESULT? Positive mood/wellbeing “Beating Dad is OK” RESULT? Dart throwing accuracy Begg et al (1993) Rock band Judas Priest, lawsuit: “Do it!” Experiment : backward song effect?? No comprehension. No effect on behavior. Greenwald et al. (1991) Self-esteem; Memory enhancement Gave wrong tape to half of sample. Measured actual self-steem, and memory Believed it worked---even if wrong tape!! NO effect on self-esteem, or memory. Subliminal Perception Krosnick et al. (1992) subliminal prime (dead bodies vs flowers) rate persons in photographs Result? primes affected ratings Yes, subliminal primes can work. But very weak, very brief. ESP Unknown sensory systems? Telepathy Clairvoyance Precognition Does ESP exist? JB Rhine (Duke University): 1934 book Zenner Cards Guess the symbols! Telepathy (sender) Clairvoyance (face down) Precognition (predict) Results: RESULT: Yes, > chance! (5 vs 7.2) Wow! Maybe ESP is real ??? ESP: Bem & Hornton (1994 ) Gansfeld Procedure Sensory masking Talk aloud about what floats through one’s mind Present 4 objects Which one correct? Psych Bulletin (1994 32 correct rate! (> chance) Bem (2011) “Feeling the Future” Extrasensory Pornception Neutral? Chance levels (no effect). Erotic images? 53% accuracy!! Bem (2011) “Feeling the Future” No one has been able to replicate Bem’s result. Maybe it was bad stats and overly awed reviewers. Sensory Systems 1) Sensory neurons: transduction 2) Nerves--> spinal cord--> brain 3) Thalamus (except smell) 4) Cortex association areas … retrieval, comparison, categorization...recognition, 5) Recognition ! 6) Do something. Vision Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum (e.g., Newton, Faraday, Maxwell...) The Eye “…To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems I freely confess, absurd in the highest degree. " Darwin, 1859 The Eye Charles Darwin (Origin of Species) So complex!! Challenge to evolution theory? Basic anatomy of the eye The Eye pupil iris Anatomy of the Eye A B Anatomy of the Eye Visual System Pupil Accommodation ciliary muscles changing thickness of lens Which has no rods? A: OWL B: CHIPMUNK http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1Y73sPHKxw Visual System Retina ("Duplex" vision). 1. Rods B&W 125 million high convergence (many converge on 1 ganglion cell) v. sensitive to low light (eg, Owls) Visual System Retina ("Duplex" vision). 2. Cones Color vision 6 million (3 cone types: RGB) (all in the Fovea) low convergence (1 to 1 ganglion cell) chipmunks (no Rods) Retina (cont'd) Fovea small spot, middle of retina cones only (no rods) Bipolar cells Ganglion cells axons --> "optic nerve" Horizontal & Amacrine cells "preprocessor" Retina layers Receptive Fields (center-surround) Lateral antagonism firing of a cell inhibits firing of adjacent cells permits coding of contrasts Explains Hermann Grid Ilusion... Dark/Light Adaptation Rods slow to adapt (30 minutes) 10,000x more sensitive to light Cones fast to adapt (10 minutes) focal vision back quickly Visual Pathways Thalamus LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) Midbrain Superior Colliculus Thalamus LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) Midbrain Superior Colliculus Visual Pathways to the Brain LGN (Lateral Geniculate Nucleus) parvocellular layer (90%) form, texture, color magnocellular layer (10%) depth, brightness, motion 6 5 4 3 Lateral Geniculate Nucleus 90% of retinal ganglion cells send axons to LGN Parvocellular layers 2 1 Magnocellular layers Extrastriate Cortex (green) Faces Houses Chairs Houses and Chai