CELL DIVERSITY
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Contents
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
Tissue Culture
• Plant
• Animal
• Applications
Classification
Species
Classification of
humans
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Tissue
Group of cells with a similar
structure and function, in a
multicellular organism.
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Examples of Plant Tissues
Meristematic tissue - actively dividing cells
Dermal tissue - for protection - epidermis
Ground tissue - for packing - cortex
Vascular tissue - for transport – xylem &
phloem
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Cells & Tissues in a Leaf
Vascular
Tissue
Ground
Tissue
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Ilex, holly, leaf lamina
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Examples of Animal Tissues
Epithelial tissue - for lining the body parts
Connective tissue - holds the body together
Muscular tissue - for body movement
Nervous tissue - for responding to stimuli
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Smooth Muscle Tissue - diagram
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Striated Muscle Tissue - slide
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Organ
Group of tissues (at least two) with a
particular function.
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Examples of Plant Organs
• Leaves – epidermis (protection), ground
(photosynthesis) and vascular tissues
(transport).
• Roots – meristematic (growth), vascular
(transport), epidermis (protection &
absorption), and ground tissue (food storage
and bulk)
• Stems, Flowers, Fruits & Seeds are other
organs.
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L.S. & T.S. of Root (Organ)
showing tissues
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Examples of Animal Organs
• Heart – cardiac muscle, nerves & valves
(tissues) working together to pump the
blood.
• Stomach – smooth muscle, blood, nerves,
epithelial & connective tissues work
together to digest food
• Liver, Lungs, etc. are other organs
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The Heart – An Organ
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The Stomach, Duodenum &
Pancreas - Organs
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System
Group of organs working together
which have specific functions.
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Human Organ Systems
(1/2)
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Human Organ Systems
(2/2)
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Organism
A group of systems functioning
together for living e.g. man.
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Tissue Culture
This is a technique in which individual cells
are grown and divide in a bath of sterile
nutritive fluid which often contains
hormones and growth substances.
Can be used to grow both plant and animal
tissue in the laboratory.
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Tissue Culture – Plants
(1/3)
e.g. pieces of carrot will produce a lump of
cells called a callus, which will produce
new carrot plants that can be planted in soil.
These plants are genetically identical (clones).
This technique useful in genetic engineering
for the production of transgenic organisms
(i.e. organisms that have been altered using
genetic engineering techniques)
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Tissue Culture – Plants
(2/3)
e.g. Tomato plants – gene responsible for
softening of the fruit has been ‘switched off’
– this variety used for ketchup
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Transgenic plants & products
•
•
•
•
•
Potatoes
Tomatoes
Onions
Carrots
Apples
•
•
•
•
•
(3/3)
Turnips
Leeks
Cauliflowers
Radishes
Bread
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Tissue Culture – Animals
(1/2)
Human cells tend to grow in single layered
sheets rather than clumps.
Progress has been made in growing skin cells
to replace burnt skin.
Bone tissue and cartilage are grown for use in
reconstructive surgery.
Some success in growing large quantities of
cells that produce a specific chemical e.g.
insulin producing cells.
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Tissue Culture – Animals
(2/2)
Find gene responsible for making a particular
protein.
Insert this gene into a bacterium.
Very easy to grow large quantities of this
transformed bacteria that will produce the
protein.
This process easier than trying to grow the
original cells.
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Tissue Culture - Applications
• Cancer research
• Plant breeding
• Routine analysis of chromosome karyotypes
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Classification
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Species
Is a group of animals or plants that can
interbreed and produce viable, fertile
offspring
- members of a species share the same
characteristics and differ only in minor
details.
To study them we need a way of classifying
them to make it manageable.
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Classification
The large number of living organisms on earth.
These are classified into groups of similar
organisms – kingdoms.
These are further divided into smaller and
smaller groups - Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus and Species.
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The five
kingdom
classification
system
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The classification of humans
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END
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