MR. LIPMAN’S APUS
CHAPTER THREE
POWERPOINT
THE NORTHERN COLONIES
DEVELOP
The Protestant Reformation
Produces Puritanism
– Martin Luther denounced the
authority of (Catholic) priests and popes and
claimed they were corrupt
 1517


Says Bible alone was the source of God’s word
Began a period of religious reform in Europe
called the Reformation
 John



Calvin
Profoundly affect on emigrants to America
Good works could not save those
predestined for hell
Conversion was an intense, personal
experience in which God revealed to that
person his/her elect status
 “Puritans”


Want to totally reform (purify) Church of
England from Catholicism
Puritans grew increasingly unhappy with
slow process of Protestant Reformation in
England

Separatists:

Because the Church of England enrolled all the
king’s subjects, Separatists felt they had to
share churches with the “damned” and un-pure
and therefore, Separatists believed in a total
break from Church of England
 In
1620, a group of 102 people, (about 1/2
of whom were Separatists) set sail on the
Mayflower for America from Holland where
they had fled 12 years before from England


They negotiated with the Virginia Company to
settle in its jurisdiction
Non-separatists included Captain Myles
Standish who would later help the colony in
fighting Indians

The Mayflower Compact was written and signed
by men before the Pilgrims disembarked from the
Mayflower


Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a
crude government and submit to majority rule
Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies
to make laws in town meetings

One of the most important Pilgrim leaders was
William Bradford


A self-taught scholar who was chosen governor
30 times
Bradford worried about settlements of nonPuritans springing up nearby and corrupting
Puritan society
 In
1629, non-Separatist Puritans got royal
charter to form Massachusetts Bay Company
 They
don’t want to leave Church of England,
just its impurities
 In
1630 the Massachusetts Bay expedition
set out in 11 well-supplied ships with almost
1,000 people

These people established a colony in the
Massachusetts area; Boston became its hub
 The


“Great Migration” of 1630s
Turmoil and persecution in England sent more
settlers (about 70,000) to America
Not all were Puritans
 Many
prosperous, educated persons
migrated to Massachusetts Bay
 John
•

Winthrop
Became 1st governor in Massachusetts
Believed he had a “calling” from God to lead
there….”We shall be as a city upon a hill”
 Democratic



beginnings in Massachusetts
Franchise (voting) in elections given to all
“freemen” – adult males who belonged to
Puritan congregations
2/5 of adult men allowed to vote, a far larger
percentage than in England at that time
Town government conducted in town meetings
by majority vote
• More inclusive than colony’s elections – all male
property holders allowed to participate and vote
 Massachusetts
(though liberal for the times)
was not a democracy


John Winthrop distrusted “commons” and
believed democracy was the “meanest and
worst” form of government
Doctrine of the covenant
• Government’s purpose was to enforce God’s law
(which applied to both believers and non-believers)

Non-believers and believers both paid taxes for
the government-supported church
 Puritan




lifestyle
Believed in “calling” to do God’s work on earth
Shared “Protestant ethic” of hard work and
engagement in worldly pursuits
Enjoyed simple pleasures such as eating,
drinking, and monogamous sex
“sumptuary laws” (also called “blue laws” for the
color of paper they were printed on) were
passed to control worldly pleasures
(NJ still has)
 In
1638, Anne Hutchinson was put on trial
by the Puritans


She bragged that she had received her
beliefs directly from God
Because of this, the Puritan leaders
banished her
 Anne
Hutchinson and family travelled to
Rhode Island and later New York
 Hutchinson and others were killed by
Indians in New York

Roger Williams




Was an extreme Separatist; he argued with his fellow
clergy about breaking with the Anglican Church
Condemned Massachusetts Bay’s charter because it did
not give fair compensation to Indians
Denied authority of civil government to regulate religious
behaviour
In 1635 found guilty of preaching “new &
dangerous opinions” and was exiled

Puritans in Massachusetts Bay wanted to exile him to
England to prevent him from founding a competing
colony but he fled to Rhode Island

Rhode Island
 More liberal than any other American colony;

Complete freedom of religion for all

No compulsory church attendance

No taxes to support a state church

Williams also set up political freedom
 Universal manhood suffrage, although later
restricted by a property qualification
 Opposed to special privilege of any kind
17thCentury
New
England
Settlements
 1637


– the Pequot War (Conn. River valley)
Whites (with some Indian allies) attacked
Pequot village on Mystic River,
Pequot tribe was virtually annihilated
 To
resist whites Indians need to unite
 1675


– 1676 – King Philip’s War
Metacom (known as King Philip to whites) was
Massasoit’s son
He united Indians and staged attacks on white
settlements throughout New England forcing
frontier settlers to retreat to Boston for safety
 King


Philip’s War ended in failure for Indians
Metacom was beheaded
Indians were weakened and demoralized
after defeat; they never posed a serious
threat to New England colonists again
 In
1643, 4 colonies banded together to form
the New England Confederation to solve
common problems
 First
step towards the colonies working
together
 Early
1600s – 1660 English Civil War took
place
 England neglected the colonies, allowing
them to become semi-independent
– Charles II restored to throne
England begins taking much more active
role in management of colonies
 1660s

1686, the Dominion of New
England was created by the king to control
colonies (headed by Sir Edmond Andros)
 In


All of New England (Maine, New
Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay,
Plymouth, Rhode Island, Connecticut
River Valley, New Haven) included
Later also included New York and East
and West Jersey
Sir
Edmund
Andros'
Dominion
of New
England
 Purpose


of the Dominion of New England
Weaken colonies by giving more control to
royal authorities
Provide for united defense against Indians
 Navigation

Laws
Restricted trade between America and
foreign countries but Americans did not
support these restrictions and smuggling
became common (like drug smuggling today)
 Andros’ restrictions
on colonists made them
want to rebel because he:





Curbed town meetings
Put heavy restrictions on courts, press, schools
Revoked all land titles
Taxed people without consent of their elected
representatives
Worked to enforce Navigation Acts and stop
smuggling
– 1689 – Glorious (Bloodless)
Revolution in England
 English deposed Catholic King James II
 Enthroned Mary who was Protestant
 When news of the Glorious Revolution
reached Americas
 A Boston mob rose to overthrow Andros
 Andros was caught trying to escape in
women’s clothing and forced to return to
England
 1688
In 1600s Dutch were a commercial and naval power,
challenging England on sea and in trade

Explorations of Henry Hudson
 Sailed to Delaware Bay, New York Bay, and then
down the Hudson River Looking for the “Northwest
Passage” across Americas to Asia by sea was not
successful but claimed the areas he explored for
the Netherlands
 New



Netherland (later New Amsterdam)
Was founded in 1623 – 1624 in Hudson River
Area
Established by the Dutch West India Company
for quick-profit fur trade
Manhattan was purchased by the company for
pennies per acre (22,000) from the Indians, who
did not technically “own” it
 England’s
King Charles II granted New
Netherland’s land to his brother, the Duke of
York and in 1664 English soldiers moved to
attack New Netherland
 Stuyvesant
was forced to surrender without
firing a shot . Area was renamed New York by
the English (for the Duke of York)


England gained a harbor strategically located
between the northern and southern colonies
England now controlled the entire Atlantic coast
(Maine to Carolinas)

Quakers offended religious and secular officials
because they
 Refused to pay taxes to support Church of
England
 Built simple meeting houses and met without
paid clergy
 “spoke up” themselves in meetings
 Believed all people were children of God and
refused to treat upper class with deference
(special respect)
 Pacifists – refused to serve in military or
retaliate against enemies
 In
1681 William Penn received a grant from
king to establish colony because he:



Wanted to help fellow Quakers escape
persecution
Believed in liberal ideas of government
Wanted to make a profit
 Penn
received the huge grant of fertile land to
settle a debt the king owed Penn’s father


The king named area Pennsylvania (“Penn’s
Woodland”)
Philadelphia (“brotherly love”) named capital
 Pennsylvania’s





government
Representative assembly elected by
landowners
No tax-supported church
Freedom of worship guaranteed to all
Forced to deny right to vote and hold office to
Catholics and Jews by English government
Death penalty only for treason and murder,
compared to 200 capital crimes in England
 Pennsylvania
grew rapidly and attracted
many “misfits” from other colonies


Exporting grain and other agriculture
By 1700 it was surpassed in population
and wealth by only Virginia and
Massachusetts (both of which had been in
existence much longer)
New Jersey
-In 1664, 2 noble proprietors get area from Duke of York

In 1674 West New Jersey was sold to group of Quakers
East New Jersey also was acquired by Quakers
In 1702 East and West Jersey were combined and made 1

 Delaware



Named after Lord De La Warr
In 1703 the colony was granted its own assembly
Remained under control of Pennsylvania until R.W.
 Middle


colonies
New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and
Pennsylvania
They had many things in common
Life in the Middle Colonies
 Fertile
soil, not rocky like New England
 Broad
rivers allowed furs to be shipped from
interior and adventurers to head inland
 Forests
used for lumber and shipbuilding
 Important
harbors (New York, Philadelphia)
American
Colonies at
the End of
the
Seventeenth
Century
KEYS TO CHAPTER THREE
1.
England to busy fighting at home to watch
and govern early colonies and this
creates feeling of independence
2.
New England colonies prosper based on
trade
3.
Middle colonies based on both trade and
agriculture
4.
Religious tolerance of others was mostly
a myth in the colonies