Female
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Mons Pubis
Labia
Urethra
Perineum
Vagina
Cervix
Uterus
Endometrium
Fallopian tubes
Ovaries
Ovum
Male
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Scrotum
Testicle
Sperm
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland
Cowper Gland
Ejaculation
Semen
Seminal Fluid
Urethra
Urinary Bladder
Penis
A five year old girl asked the question that
every parent dreads, “Mommy, how are
babies made?” The mom did her best to
explain, but the daughter still looked
confused.
“But what about kittens?” she asked.
“Well, it is exactly the same way.” I said.
“Wow!” she said excitedly, “My Daddy can
do anything!”
SEYMOUR and OLIVIA STORY
5. FERTILIZATION / Conception
• The end purpose for the
ova and the sperm
• When the sperm
penetrates the surface
of the ova and enters
inside.
• The 23 chromosomes
from each sex cell
combine and begin to
multiply to begin to
form a new human
being!!!
The Menstrual Cycle
During Menstruation
Days 1-5
Menstruation occurs and the lining of the uterus, with a small amount
of blood, leaves the body. At this time, another egg is maturing in
the ovary.
The Menstrual Cycle
After Menstruation
Days 6-15
The lining of the uterus repairs itself and once again prepares for a
fertilized egg. Around days 13-15 an egg is released from an ovary.
This is called OVULATION
Before Menstruation
Days 16-28
If the egg is fertilized by the male sperm cell, it embeds itself in the
wall of the uterus (endometrium lining). If the egg is not fertilized,
the blood vessels in the wall of the uterus shrinks and breaks down.
The menstruation cycle begins again.
6. Menstrual Cycle and 7.
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Day 1 – Menstruation begins (bleeding)
Day 1-5 – Bleeding Continues
Day 6-9 - Ovum is maturing and endometrium lining is thin
Day 10 – 14 - Endometrium lining thickens and hormones
rise.
– Around Day 14 – Ovum bursts out of the ovary
• Day 15 – After 24 hours the egg is done
• Day 15-28 – Egg travels down to thickened lining and either
is implanted or it dissolves
– Day 26 – In the absence of fertilization, hormone levels drop and
the endometrium lining breaks down
– Day 28 – Menstruation prepares to begin again.
Related Menstrual Terms
• Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FHS): a substance which brings
to life a few of the ovum in one of the ovaries.
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH): causes the follicle to burst, and
allows ovum to fall into the opening of the fallopian tube.
• Ova –plural, Ovum—singular: the female reproductive cell.
• Ovaries: organs holding a woman’s eggs.
• Estrogen: the hormone responsible for secondary sex
characteristics and for the sex drive in females. The “egg
producing” hormone.
• Progesterone: builds up the lining of the uterus to prepare it
for the fertilized ovum.; the “egg-setting” hormone.
• Ovulation: time when the egg is released from the ovary.
Male Anatomy
6. Scrotum
• A sac-like pouch located behind the penis that
holds each testes and helps regulate
temperature for sperm production.
10. Testicles or Testes
• The two testes are small organs that lie in the scrotum and
produce sperm and the male hormone testosterone.
• The testicles are the male sex gland.
• The testicles are outside the body because the male sperm
that is manufactured in the testes need cooler-than-body
temperature for normal growth and development.
• They are the counterpart to the female ovary.
• Loss of one does not impair the function of the other.
• Four to five billion sperm cells are produced each month.
11. Testosterone
• The male reproductive hormone made by the
testicles which causes the changes of puberty.
• This hormone causes secondary sex
characteristics, production of sperm and
sexual urge.
• It is produced in the testicles and enters the
bloodstream at a fairly constant rate.
9. Sperm
• The microscopic cells produced by the male's
testicles which can fertilize the female's
ovum.
• They are tiny, living cells 100 times smaller
than a pencil dot. (the smallest cell in a mans
body
• Enough sperm would fit on the head of a pin
to re-populate the earth if each sperm
fertilized an egg.
• It is destroyed by warm body temperature,
acidic environment.
• It can survive in a women’s body for 5-8 days.
• Any sperm not ejaculated are passed in the
urine.
Swimming for your life
A sperm is a tiny package with a big responsibility – to fertilize
the egg and create a human life. So that tiny package is
loaded with “gear” for its important journey.
A few facts:
• Daily sperm production by a healthy man:
10 million to 50 million
• Contents of average ejaculation:
50 million sperm; 25 million moving; 20 million deformed
• Maturation: 72 hours
• Average swimming speed of a sperm:
8 inches per hour
3. Epididymis
• The structure that forms a mass over the back
and upper part of each testes.
• Sperm are stored there for as long as six
weeks while they ripen to maturity.
1. Cowpers Gland
• Two small pea-sized glands located beneath
the prostate gland on both sides of the base of
the penis.
• They secrete a clear, sticky fluid that helps to
neutralize the acidity of the urethra.
12. Vas Deferens
• two long, thin tubes that serve as a
passageway for sperm and a place for sperm
storage.
• The contraction of the vas deferens along with
the action of the cilia help transport the
sperm through the vas deferens.
8. Seminal Vesicles
• two small glands that secrete a fluid that
nourishes and enables the sperm to move.
5. Prostate Gland
• surround the urethra beneath the bladder.
The gland secretes an alkaline fluid that
neutralizes the acid found in the male urethra
and the female reproductive tract.
• Without the action of the secretions of the
prostate gland, many sperm would die and
fertilization of an ovum would be impossible.
13. Urethra
• A dual purpose tube that both semen and urine pass
through to leave the body. Semen and urine never
mix.
• Special muscles or sphincters surround the urethra.
• During urination, one sphincter will relax so that the
pressure from the bladder will push urine out from
the body.
• During ejaculation, another sphincter will relax so
that semen can flow through the urethra to the
outside of the body.
4. Penis
• The male organ for sexual intercourse,
reproduction, and urination.
• The reproductive purpose of the penis is to deposit
semen in the vagina during sexual intercourse.
• The head of the penis or glans contains many nerve
endings. At birth the glans is covered by a loosely
fitting skin called the foreskin.
• When the penis is erect it is 5-7 inches long An
erection occurs when the sponge-like chambers in
the penis fill with blood.
7. SEMEN:
• a combination of fluid that is produced in the
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper's
gland. This fluid nourishes and helps sperm
move through the urethra.
2. EJACULATION
• the passage of sperm from the penis, a result
of a series of muscular contractions.
External Male Reproductive
• Testosterone: the male reproductive hormone made
by the testicles which causes the changes of puberty.
• Penis: the organ of transfer of sperm to female.
• Scrotum: pouch-like sac holding both testicles in a
separate compartment that hang underneath the
penis.
• Testicles – Testes Gland: two glands in the male,
located in the scrotum, which produce male
hormones (testosterone).
Internal Male Organs
• Sperm: the microscopic cells
produced by the male’s testicles
which can fertilize the female’s
ovum.
• Prostate Gland: a man’s gland
that helps make semen.
• Cowper’s Glands: behind the
base of the penis which secretes
fluid to make semen and
neutralize acid during sexual
excitement.
• Ejaculatory duct: a short straight
tube that passes into the prostate
gland and opens into the urethra.
• Urethra: a tube that connects
with the vas deferen to carry
sperm cells out of the body.
• Epididymis: the structure that
forms a mass over the back and
upper part of each testes.
• Vas Deferens
(singular): two tubes leading
from the
epididymis to the
seminal vesicles.
• Seminal Vesicles: two pouchlike structures which serve to
store mature sperm until
ejaculated.
Other related concerns
• Circumcision: A process that surgically removes the flap of
skin that covers the glans of the penis.
• Semen: the thick, sticky fluid which contains sperm
ejaculated by the male from the penis during orgasm (climax).
• Nocturnal Emissions: normal, involuntary ejaculation of
semen and sperm while a male is asleep.
• Impotence: the failure to get or maintain an erection
• Vasectomy: surgical procedure for sterilization of the male.
External Female Anatomy
• Vulva: woman’s external genital area.
• Pudendum or Pubes: the area in the body where
the sex organs are located.
• Mons Pubis: a mound of fatty tissue which covers
the pubic bone.
• Labia Majora: (large lips) two folds of skin running
from the mons pubis to below the vaginal opening
• Labia Minora: two smaller folds of tissue which lie
just within the labia majora.
• Clitoris: a small, pea-shaped bump at the front of
the labia that contains erectile tissue (counter
part to male penis.)
• Urethra: below the clitoris, the opening to the
bladder.
Internal Organs
• Hymen: a narrow fold of tissue
encircling the entrance to the
vagina.
• Vagina: passageway between the
uterus and the outside of a woman’s
body.
• Cervix: Opening from the uterus to
the vagina.
• Uterus: place where the baby grows
in a woman’s abdomen.
• Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes): two
tubular structures leading from the
ovaries to the uterus
• Ovaries: organs holding a woman’s
eggs.
Front View
Internal Female Anatomy—
9. Ovary (Ovaries)
• Two solid egg-shaped structures
• They are attached to the uterus by ligaments. They
are the counterpart of the male testicles.
• Ovaries have two main functions:
#1-store and release the ova or female egg cell. Some of the
ova disappear; others are dormant until each is ripened and released
after puberty.
#2-produce female sex hormones ESTROGEN and
PROGESTERONE
8. Ova
• The female reproductive cell.
• They are the largest cells in the
female body. (about the size of a grain of
sand.)
• The female baby is born with all
the ova she will ever have (about
200,000 in each ovary).
• About 400-500 ova mature and
are released over a lifetime
4. Estrogen
• Estrogen is responsible for the secondary sex
characteristics and the sex drive in females. It
spurs the onset of puberty and is responsible
for OVULATION.
12. Progesterone
• Progesterone builds up the lining of the
uterus called the endometrium in preparation
for the fertilized ovum
11. Ovulation
• When the egg is released from the ovary.
• At the age of puberty
• The ovum moves to the surface of the ovary in bursts
out
• The ova falls into the fallopian tube and waits for
fertilization
• This happens every 28 days
• It happens at about the 14th day of the cycle
10. FALLOPIAN TUBES
(oviducts)
• Two tubes attached on either side of the uterus.
• They are about four inches long and 3/16 inch in
diameter (the size of a cooked spaghetti noodle).
• The oviducts carry egg cells toward the uterus and sperm
cells toward the egg cell.
• Fertilization takes place in the upper third of the oviduct.
14. Uterus
• A hollow, muscular organ (shaped somewhat like an upside-down
pear, about the size of a fist).
• The uterus is lined with endometrium (a blood lining.)
• The uterus has one main function—to protect and
nourish a fetus
• The walls of the uterus have the ability to stretch to
the size of a small watermelon.
• After childbirth the uterus shrinks back to the
original shape in 6-8 weeks, but it can take up to
nine months for the uterus to fully recover.
1. Cervix
• The neck or opening of the uterus.
• A normal healthy cervix is the strongest muscle in
the body.
• It dips down about half an inch into the vagina.
• It is normally plugged by mucus. It stays tightly
closed during pregnancy, but thins and opens for the
delivery of the baby.
• How big does it need to dilate to for birth?
15. Vagina
• Female organ used for intercourse, it is an
empty passageway leading from the vaginal
opening to the uterus.
• It is only 3-4 inches long, but will lengthen
during arousal.
• The vaginal walls are made of many small
folds of membrane that stretch greatly to
accommodate a baby during birth.
• The vaginal wall also secrete a fluid that helps
to make intercourse easier.
13. Urethra
• The opening to the bladder
3. ENDOMETRIUM
• The lining of the uterus.
• During menstruation, it is what sloughs off.
• During pregnancy it thickens and provide the
place of implantation for the fertilized ova.
Other related concerns
• D&C: dilation and curettage, a common minor
operation on women.
• Endometriosis: fragments of the endometrium in
abnormal places.
• Orgasm: characterized by the massive release of
muscle tension which has built up during excitement.
• Dysmenorrhea: painful mentruation
• Hysterectomy: surgical removal of uterus.
• Tubal Ligation: an operation for sterilization of women.
• PMS: premenstrual syndrome.
• Menstrual Cycle: the process of passing the blood and tissue
lining of the uterus from the body.
• Toxic Shock Syndrome: caused by bacteria that live in the
vagina, which then multiply and causes infection.
• Menopause: the remaining ova no longer ripen or develop.