1
Systems Requirement
Review Presentation
Joe Appel
Todd Beeby
Julie Douglas
Konrad Habina
Katie Irgens
Jon Linsenmann
David Lynch
Dustin Truesdell
2
Overview
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mission Statement
Market, Customers, & Competitors
Design Mission
Design Requirements
New Technologies
Sizing Code
Summary & Next Steps
3
Mission Statement
• Design an Environmentally Responsible Aircraft (ERA) that
lowers noise, minimizes emissions, and reduces fuel burn
• Utilize new technology to develop a competitive medium-size
aircraft that meets the demands of transportation for
continental market
• Deliver a business plan focusing on capitalizing on growing
markets
• Submit final design to NASA ERA College Student Challenge
4
NASA ERA College Student
Challenge
Large twin aisle reference configuration = Boeing 777-200LR
1 NASA
ERA Goals
5
Market
• Growth in twin aisle market
– Fastest growing market segment (4.4% annually)
– Airplane seat count upgauging
6
2 Boeing
Market Outlook
Market
• Geographic Regions:
– Asia Pacific
– US Domestic
– Europe
2
3
Boeing Market Outlook
Airbus Market Forecast
7
Market
• Geographic Regions:
– Asia Pacific
– US Domestic
3
Airbus Market Forecast
8
Customers
• Low cost carriers
– Point to point model
– Shorter distance, larger
passenger capacity
Examples
– SpiceJet, Spring Airlines,
JetBlue, EasyJet
9
4
Point to Point: Asia Pacific
Competitors
• Designing an airplane with
similar capabilities as the
Boeing 757-200
• Competitors
– Other aircraft (A321-200,
A320NEO, 757, 737)
– High speed rail for short
distances
3
6
Airbus Market Forecast
757-200
5
High Speed Rail
10
City Pairs
Tokyo to Mumbai is 3700 nmi
7 Geographical
Map of Asia
11
Runway Lengths
Airport
Beijing Capital International Airport
Haneda
Hong Kong International Airport
Suvarnabhumi Airport
Singapore Changi
Guangzhou Baiyun International Aiport
Narita International Aiport
Soekarno-Hatta International Airport
Incheon International Airport
Shanghai Pudong International Airport
Kuala Lumpur International Airport
Mumbai International Airport
Delhi International Airport
Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport
Ninoy Aquina International Airport
Taipeo Taoyuan International Airport
Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport
Chengdu Shuangliu
Kunming Wujiaba
Kansai International
Gimpo International
Hangzhou Xiaoshan
Jeju International
Ho Chi Minh International
Runway Length (ft)
12,468
9,843
12,467
13,123
13,123
12,467
13,123
12,007
13,123
13,123
13,530
11,302
14,534
11,154
12,261
12,008
11,155
11,811
11,155
13,123
11,811
11,811
9843
12,468
Shortest Runway: 9843 feet
12
Design Mission
3
• Tokyo - Mumbai
No range
descent
Loiter (30 min)
Loiter (30 min)
2
6
7
No range
descent
32000 ft
4’
5’
Attempt to Land
0
Taxi & takeoff
1
6800 ft
4
Range: 3700 nmi
W1/W0
W2/W1
W3/W2
W4/W3
W5/W4
0.970
0.979
0.773
0.995
0.995
W5’/W4’
W6/W5’
W7/W6
W8/W7
W9/W8
5
4950 ft
0.970
0.979
0.986
0.988
0.995
8
Land
W9/W0
Wf/W0
9
Land
Fuel Reserves
0.673
0.330
13
Design Requirements
• Market Driven Requirements
– Similar two class configuration seating capacity to
• Boeing 757-200 [200 pax.]
• Boeing 737-900ER [177 pax.]
• Airbus A321NEO [185 pax.]
3
8
Airbus Market Forecast
Boeing 737-900ER
14
Design Requirements
• Improved Specifications (compared to Boeing
757-200)
• Extended Range to 4000 nmi
• Improved Cruise Efficiency
• Increased Payload, Takeoff Weight, and Landing Weight
15
6
Boeing 757-200
Design Requirements
• ERA driven requirements (compared to Boeing
777-200LR)
– 75 % cut in emissions
– 42 dB reduction in noise
– 50% reduction in fuel burn
– 50% reduction in field length
• Summarized in Compliance Matrix
16
Design Requirements
Compliance Matrix
17
New Technologies
• Noise reduction:
– Chevron Nozzles, Variable Nozzles, Scarf Inlet Active Noise Control, Forward
Swept Fans, Swept/Leaned Stators, Soft Vanes, Over-the-Rotor Metal Foam
• Geared turbofan (GTF):
– Ultra high bypass ratio engines to reduce fuel consumption, reduce engine
maintenance, and reduce noise by up to 10 dB
9
Chevron Nozzles
10
Scarf Inlet
11
Geared Turbofan
18
Example Fuel Savings
12
New Technology Fuel Savings
19
Sizing Code Chart
Inputs:
𝑾∅
𝑺
𝑻𝑺𝑳
),
𝑾∅
,(
𝑨𝑹
Geometry
(eg S, b, etc.)
Empty Weight
Prediction (We)
Fuel Weight
Prediction (Wfuel)
Calculated Gross
Weight (Wφ)calc
Performance, Costs,
Enviro Impacts
yes
no
Wφ = (Wφ)calc
Set Wφ = (Wφ)calc
Description of
Aircraft
20
Sizing Code
Approach:
• Empty Weight Fraction – Raymer Table 6.1
𝑾𝒆
𝑾∅
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐 +
𝟎.𝟑 𝑻𝑺𝑳
𝟎. 𝟔𝟔[𝑾−𝟎.𝟏𝟑
𝑨𝑹
∅
𝑾∅
𝟎.𝟎𝟔
𝑾∅ −𝟎.𝟎𝟓
𝑺
𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝟎.𝟎𝟓 ]
• Fuel Weight Fraction
• Cruise: Breguet Range Equation and Endurance Equation
𝑊𝑖
−𝑅𝐶
= exp
𝑊𝑖−1
𝑉(𝐿 𝐷)
𝑊𝑖
−𝐸𝐶
= exp
𝑊𝑖−1
𝐿 𝐷
• All others: Historical Fractions (Raymer Table 3.2)
21
Sizing Code
Calibration:
Boeing 757-200
Passengers: 200
Range: 2655 nmi
Cruise Mach Number: 0.8
Max Take-off Weight (MTOW): 255000 lb
Operating Weight Empty (OWE): 136940 lb
Fuel Weight: 74510 lb
13
Boeing 757-200
22
Sizing Code
Calibration:
•
Original Drag Prediction
•
Nicolai Fig 5.3 for Subsonic a/c:
•
Adjusted to make 𝑳 𝑫
•
Results:
𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑳 𝑫
𝒎𝒂𝒙
= 𝟏. 𝟒 ∗ 𝑨𝑹 + 𝟕. 𝟏
= 𝟏𝟗
Parameter
Value
Units
Error
W0 (MTOW)
256370.48
lb
0.54%
We (MEW)
132324.24
lb
-3.37%
Wf
80046.24
lb
7.43%
23
Sizing Code
Early Aircraft Predictions:
•
Used 757-200 sizing code (similar aircraft)
•
Adjusted range, MTOW, thrust, Mach #, passengers
•
Based on “threshold” values from compliance matrix
Parameter
Value
Units Change
W0 (MTOW)
258692.93
lb
+0.91%
We (MEW)
132004.16
lb
-0.24%
Wf
81288.77
lb
+1.55%
24
Sizing Code
Next:
• Convert entirely to MATLAB
• Same output as with Excel
• Implement the next level of complexity
•
•
•
•
Component weights
Aerodynamics (drag breakdown)
Propulsion (thrust, fuel consumption)
Future technology factors
25
Summary & Next Steps
• Summary
–
–
–
–
–
–
Mission statement
Market & Customers
Design Mission
Design Requirements
New Technologies
Sizing Code
• Next Steps
– In depth analysis of technologies (cost and benefits)
– Increase complexity and accuracy of sizing code
– Formulate customer, regulatory and design requirements and begin
preliminary aircraft performance analysis.
26
27
References
1. http://aero.larc.nasa.gov/era_univ/competitions_univ_era.htm
2. “Current Market Outlook 2010-2029,” Boeing Commercial Airplanes
Market Analysis, Seattle, WA, Nov. 2010.
3. Leahy, John. “Airbus Global Market Forecast 2010-2029,” Airbus.
Toulouse, Dec. 2010.
4. www.guidetothailand.com
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_high
speed_rail_network.png
6. http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/10/10/google-founders-pickup-another-big-plane/
7. “Geographical Map of Asia,” Sep. 2010.
[http://www.voyagesphotosmanu.com/geographical_map_asia.htm
l. Accessed 1/22/11.]
28
References
8. Tinseth, Randy, “Sharks and Jets,” Boeing Commercial Airlines,
Seattle WA, August 2010.
[http://boeingblogs.com/randy/archives/2010/08/sharks_and_jets.
html. Accessed 1/22/11.]
9.http://memagazine.asme.org/articles/2006/november/Put_Nozzle.c
fm
10. http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/RT/2004/RT/RTL-abbott.html
11. http://www.airliners.net/aviationforums/general_aviation/print.main?id=4065235
12. Nickol, C. L. (2007). Hybrid Wing Body Configuration System
Studies.
13. www.boeing.com/companyoffices/gallery
29