18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Classification of Living
Organisms
Slide
1 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Classification:
To group according to like traits.
Biodiversity:
The many different types of
organisms living in one area.
System of classification is needed because:
5 million organisms have already been classified.
BUT
-12 to 13 million believed
Rain Forest
to exist but have not yet
and
been discovered.
Slide
2
of 26
Deep Oceans
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
There is still a lot to classify……..
This furry lobster is so
distinct a new family and
genus had to be created.
Found 2300 meters deep in
the South Pacific ocean
Slide
3 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Aristotle:
Greek philosopher (384 - 322 B.C.)
Slide
4 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Aristotle: created the 1st system of classification.
Aristotle divided all living organisms into two
main groups based on physical traits:
Plants (structure)
Animals (habitat)
Slide
5 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Good start but……….
What about:
Organisms can not
change their classification
within their life time.
Slide
6 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Carl Linnaeus developed a system of
classification that we still use today.
His system is Binomial Nomenclature.
-a two word naming system
Bi = 2
Nomial = name
Nomenclature = naming system
Slide
7 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
His system is based on an 8 step
classification system which ended in a two
word name
This two word name is known as a
scientific name.
Example: What is the scientific name
of a human?
Homo sapien
Slide
8 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
What does a Puma, Cougar
and Mountain Lion have in
common?
Puma…………….
Cougar………….
Mountain Lion…..
Slide
9 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
They are all the same
organisms just with different
common names.
Common names are different
names for the same
organism based on where
they live.
Slide
10 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Since they are all the same
organisms they all have the
same scientific name…………
Felis concolor or Felis concolor
Slide
11 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Scientific names are universally
used.
- they are used by all scientist
around the world as a common
naming system.
Slide
12 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
8 Division of Classification: (Broadest to most
specific)
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
Did King Phillip come over
for grape soda?
Slide
13 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Three Domains:
1. Archaebacteria:
“ Ancient Bacteria” ,
First living cells, live in extreme conditions
Known as EXTREMOPHILES
-live in swamps, guts of animals,salty oceans
volcanic vents and hot springs.
2. Eubacteria:
“True bacteria”
Bacteria which affects your everyday life some even causing
tooth decay,spoils our food, causes illness.
Evolved from archaebacteria.
Slide
14 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
3. Eukarya:
“True Nucleus”, this domain contains all
organisms whose cells contain a nucleus:
Protista:
Eukarya
Domain is
divided
into four
Kingdoms:
Fungi:
Plantae:
Animalia:
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide
15 of 26
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Eukarya
Domain
Grizzly Black Giant
bear
bear panda
Linnaeus's System of
Classification
Coral Sea
Red Abert
fox squirrel snake star
Broadest
Each level
or division
is called a
taxon, or
taxonomic
category.
Most specific
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide
16 of 26
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Species: Most specific division of classification.
Organisms of the same species can
successfully reproduce viable offspring.
Slide
17 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Species can be further divided into subspecies:
Breeds:
Races:
Varieties:
Slide
18 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Scientific Names: 2 word name
-based on the two most specific
divisions of classification.
GENUS AND SPECIES
Slide
19 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Rules for writing Scientific Names:
1. First word is the Genus and it is
always capitalized.
2. Second word is the species and it is
always lower case.
3. The entire name is underlined or
italicized.
Ursus arctos
or
Ursus arctos
Slide
20 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Hybrids:
Organisms of the same genus but
different species reproduce and produce
offspring that are “usually” sterile.
Slide
21 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
LIGER
A liger is the offspring of a
lion and a tigress. It is
bigger than either parent,
10 - 12 ft in length - making
it the biggest hybrid cat
and, for many people, the
most fascinating.
Slide
22 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Tigon
A tigon is the offspring
of a tiger and a lioness.
Slide
23 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
s
Beefalo is a species
cross between Bison
(buffalo) and domestic
cattle of any breed. The
purpose of the species
cross was to blend the
outstanding qualities of
the Bison with
outstanding qualities of
the bovine breeds of the
world.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide
24 of 26
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
A zebroid is a cross
between a zebra and any
other equid: essentially, a
zebra hybrid. They are
also known as zebra
mules. In general, the sire
is a zebra stallion.
Slide
25 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Zebroid: Shetland Pony and a
Zebra
Slide
26 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Sleeping around……
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
It's ALWAYS the kids that suffer.
His name is Zonkey
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide
27 of 26
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
UnicellularAutotrophic
Prokaryotic
owncell
food
Made up ofMakes
only one
Cells without
a
Photosynthesis
nucleus
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
MadeHeterotrophic
up
of many cells
Obtains
other
Cells food
withfrom
a nucleus
sources
Slide
28 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Domain
Kingdom
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Eukarya
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Unicellular,
Multicellular
or both
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
or both
Prokaryotic or
Eukaryotic
Mobile or
nonmobile
Examples:
Slide
29 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Kingdom
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Autotroph/Heterotroph
Unicellular/Multicellular
Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic
Nonmobile/Mobile
Other (repro., habitat)
Examples
Additional Notes
Slide
30 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
1. a. Organism is living........................................................go to 4.
1. b. Organism is nonliving..................................................go to 2.
2. a. Object is metallic........................................................go to 3.
2. b. Object is nonmetallic..................................................ROCK.
3. a. Object has wheels......................................................BICYCLE.
3. b. Object does not have wheels......................................TIN CAN.
4. a. Organism is microscopic...................................PARAMECIUM.
4. b. Organism is macroscopic............................................go to 5.
5. a. Organism is a plant.....................................................go to 6.
5. b. Organism is an animal.................................................go to 8.
6. a. Plant has a woody stem..............................................go to 7.
6. b. Plant has a herbaceous stem.................................DANDELION.
7. a. Tree has needle like leaves.....................................PINE TREE.
7. b. Tree has broad leaves............................................OAK TREE.
8. a. Organism lives on land................................................go to 9.
8. b. Organism lives in water...............................................CLAM.
9. a. Organism has 4 legs or fewer......................................go to 10.
9. b. Organism has more than 4 legs...................................ANT.
10 a. Organism has fur........................................................go to 11.
10 b. Organism has feathers…………………………………………….ROBINfeathers
11a. Organism has hooves………………………………………………. DEER
11b. Organism has no hooves…………………………………………. MOUSE
4. a. Organism is
microscopic...................................PARAM
ECIUM.
4. b. Organism is
macroscopic............................................g
o to 5.
5. a. Organism is a
plant.....................................................go
to 6.
5. b. Organism is an
animal.................................................go to
8.
6. a. Plant has a woody
11 a. Organism has hooves.................................................DEER.
11 b. Organism has no hooves............................................MOUSE
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide
31 of 26
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Aristotle’s 1st system of classification was
based on:
Plants: structure
Animals: habitat
Linnaeus’ system was based just visible
structures called:
Morphology
-study of form/structure
Slide
32 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy:
The modern day system for
studying and classifying living
organisms.
Slide
33 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Modern scientist who classify,
taxonomist , use the following:
1. Homologous Structures
-Homo means…
-the same
-similar structures with
different functions
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide
34 of 26
Penguin
flipper used
for
swimming
Alligator fore
arm used for
walking
Human fore
arm for
gathering
Bat wing
used for
flying
Slide
35 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2. Evidence from
Genetics/Biochemistry
-common or similar DNA
codes.
-common or similar
proteins
Analysis of the DNA sequence determined
that the monkey's DNA code is about 93
percent similar to the human DNA code.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide
36 of 26
3. Similarities in embryonic development.
Slide
37 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide
38 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
END OF SECTION
continue on for Bio II
New Classification Schemes
Taxonomy:
-is the study of classification
-to organize all living organisms
based on their morphology (structures)
and phylogeny (evolutionary trend)
Phylogeny:
-Is the evolutionary history of a
species.
Slide
40 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Two approaches to Phylogenetic
Classification:
1. Creating a Phylogenic Tree
-Each successive group , taxon,
should be represented by finer
and finer branches all stemming
from a common ancestor.
Creates a “tree of life”.
-branches based on:
*biochemical evidence
*homologous structures
*common embryology
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide
41 of 26
Slide
42 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide
43 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2. Creating a cladogram
Uses certain features of an organism
called shared derived characteristics.
Shared derived characteristics are
features that apparently evolved only
within the group under consideration.
Example: Feathers…..
birds are the only animals that
have feathers therefore it separates it from
all other vertebrates.
Slide
44 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide
45 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide
46 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cladogram Animation
Slide
47 of 26
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall