• Thurs 2/2 6:30pm CSB 002 – screening of History and
Memory
• Finish reading America is in the Heart for Thurs
• Prof. Solomon’s office hours – T/Th 1:15 to 12:45 in LIT
354 or by appointment
Announcements
Filipino/American
Lecture #5: The Manongs & Imperial Hypersexualization
• 1763 – “Manilamen” of Louisiana
• 1902 – 1934 – Philippines under US military
government
• US nationals – Filipino American vs
Filipino/American
• Large influx of immigrants – almost
150,000 nationally (including HI) by 1920;
30,470 in CA alone
•
•
•
•
•
“pensionados”
Laborers in Hawaiian plantations – 110,00
“Alaskeros” – about 3,500
Domestic help/Service labor – about 10,000
Mainland stoop and migrant farm labor –
about 30,000
Filipino/American
• 1902-1934 = “manong” generation
• “manong” – Ilocano term of
respect for elder male relatives
• 94% male, agricultural peasant
class and under the age of 30
• Factors of immigration:
• Increased land dispossession due
to transition from Spanish to
American governance
• Agricultural depression due to
drought – particularly in Ilocos
• Ilocano tradition of inter-regional
cultivation
• Contract-labor system and
sojourner mentality
• Spanish Catholic gender norms
• American “new” imperialism
The Manong Generation
• Segregation of private businesses and
spaces
• Naturalization Law of 1790 still in
effect
• Alien Land Laws and racist housing
practices – find community in
Chinatowns, few Manilatowns
develop
• Onset of Great Depression
exacerbates labor competition
between poor whites and Filipinos
• Late 1920s – Anti-Filipino riots up
and down west coast
• Dec 1929 – Watsonville Riot – white
mob attacks Filipino labor camp; riot
lasts 3 days; Filipino casualties
Positively No Filipinos Allowed
• Racial castration vs imperial hypersexualization
• Taxi dance halls  sites of racial mixing, class
alliances, violation of gender norms
• “You can realize, with the declared preference
of the Filipino for white women and the
willingness on the part of some white females to
yield to that preference, the situation which
arises… California in this matter is seeking to
protect the nation, as well as itself, against the
peaceful penetration of another colored race”
(V.S. McClatchy, Congressional hearings on
Filipino immigration)
• The Filipino and the fear of miscegenation:
• Roldan v Los Angeles (1933)
• Independence seen as solution to problem of
Filipino immigration threatening both white
labor and white purity
“Dollar a day, dime a dance”
• 1934 – passage of Tydings McDuffie Act
• 10 year deadline for independence
• Creates Philippine Commonwealth
• Immigration limited to 50 annually (except HI)
and Filipinos reclassified immediately as aliens
• 1935 Filipino Repatriation Act
• US government will pay to send Filipino
immigrants home
• July 4, 1946 – Philippine Independence
recognized
Philippine Independence
Midterm Paper - Due 2/14
1.
Both Bone and America is in the Heart are two texts that challenge and
complicate linear narrative structures. How are the narrative structures
related to the theme of “progress” in both texts? Specifically, what is the
relationship between the theme of progress in the novels and the historical
and social conditions of Filipino and Chinese immigration? Write a thesisbased essay that defines the concept of “progress” in Bone and America is in
the Heart and argues how the theme of progress in the novels is related to
the historical conditions of Chinese and Filipino immigration.
2.
In America is in the Heart and Citizen 13660, Filipino and Japanese
Americans are simultaneously included yet excluded from the US, creating
an ambiguous political condition for both groups. How are processes of
racialization determining this push and pull between US inclusion and
exclusion of these groups? How do America is in the Heart and Citizen
13660 present and respond to the racializing forces excluding Filipino and
Japanese Americans from the US political and cultural body? Write a thesisbased essay that defines the term racialization and argues how racialization
affects the inclusion and exclusion of Filipinos and Japanese Americans in
America is in the Heart and Citizen 13660.