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Announcements

TONIGHT!11/21, 6-10pm – Open Mic Fundraiser for Typhoon
Victims @ Filipino Food and Bakery. All proceeds go to
National Alliance for Filipino Concerns! www.nafconusa.org.

Changes to syllabus:
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T 11/26:
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Homebound, Ch 6
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Finals Study Guide
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Th 11/28: NO CLASS – HAPPY THANKSGIVING!
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T 12/3: Homebound, Ch 7
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Th 12/5: Homebound, Ch 8 and Silent Sacrifices (2001)
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T 12/10: Homebound, Ch 9
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Differential Inclusion
Race, Gender, &
Resisting Homelessness
+
MACRO & micro
 Macro
forces of post-65
Philippine immigration:

1.
US imperialism
2.
US neocolonialism
3.
Marcos Dictatorship
4.
Cold War Liberalism
Macro forces always exist in
tension with micro forces

individual desire and agency plus
familial considerations

issues of race, class, & gender
+
forces of homelessness

racism links macro
forces of immigration to
forces of homelessness
encountered after
immigration
 Racist
perceptions of
Filipinos keep them apart
from the American nation
yet simultaneously
include them
+ differential inclusion

Why would a group of people be integral
to a nation only because they can be
subordinated (47)?

How are Filipinos integral to US national
economy and power ?

How are Filipinos integral to US culture
and identity?
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Dichotomous Identities
“…neither imperialism nor colonialism is a simple act of
economic accumulation and acquisition. They are also subjectconstituting projects, supported and impelled by impressive
ideological formations that designate certain countries and
people as requiring and even beseeching domination from the
more ‘civilized’ ones… the Philippine-American war and the
subsequent colonization of the Philippines constituted not only
economic or territorial but also subject-making projects –
fashioning both the American and the Filipino subjects in ways
that were, and continue to be, mutually implicated in each other”
(50)
to define self you must also define the other
+ self & other
Whiteness
Masculinity
Civilization
Progress
Brown-ness
Emasculation
Savagery
Backwardness
nation  race  gender & sexuality
+
U.S. Masculinity & Conquest

just as race is a social construction so is gender


race and gender are not equivalent but are entwined


gender norms affect and are affected by social, political, &
economic contexts
Ex: the hypermasculine black male versus the hyperfeminine
Asian woman
macro forces of 1898:




closing of western frontier
urbanization & industrialization
black emancipation & enfranchisement
women’s suffrage
War and conquest become demonstration
and proof of American masculinity.
+
Racialized Sexuality

First major wave of Filipino immigration
into US:



almost 150,000 nationally by 1920
94% male, agricultural peasant class and
under the age of 30
subject to anti-miscegenation acts, alien
land laws, & de facto segregation

from “little brown brothers” to “little
brown monkeys”

“When Filipino men refused to be just
working bodies and instead flaunted
their sexual bodies, they were racialized
as sexually threatening” (67)

transnational home making as survival
strategy – a response to enforced
homelessness ever since first wave of
Filipino immigration
+ transnational homes & families

Filipinos were transnational even before they left their
homeland


returning “home” can provide validation and social status
denied in U.S. (87)


one is always Filipino in the US, but one becomes American in the
Philippines
remittances & familial obligations simultaneously empower
and take a toll on immigrants

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English education system, popular culture, American commodities
& businesses, military presence
“I left my family to be a good mother”
connections to Philippines demonstrate an insistence on
being “home bound” rather than “homeless” (97)