The FIRST Industrial Revolution &
its Impact
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(1) “Probably the most important factor of all was the flexibility of the
English social and political system.”—T. Walker Wallbank, Civilization:
Past and Present.
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(2) “The Agricultural Revolution undoubtedly caused the Industrial
Revolution.”—Crane Brinton, A History of Civilization.
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(3) “The introduction of raw materials into the English economy from
her colonies had a major effect on the Industrial Revolution.”—J. Russell
Major, The Western World: Renaissance to the Present
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(4) “The favorable business environment in England created by
Parliament brought the country into a period of Industrialization.”—
Joel Colton, A History of the Modern World.
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(5) “The relative isolation of England from continental trends, helped
to create an environment in which industrialization can prosper.”—R.R.
Palmer, Modern History.
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(1) Agricultural Revolution
 Increase in food production; more people fed
 Population boom=surplus labor for factories
(2) Capital for investment
 Ready supply of capital due to trading
 Effective central bank-paper $$
(3) Mineral Resources
 Coal & Iron abundant; small country; gov’t interested in infrastructure;
movement of goods
(4) British Gov’t Favorable to Business
 Private property protected; Non-Interference
(5) Markets
 Colonial empire & naval supremacy
(6) Unaffected by continent trends
Technology for cotton aided
business growth
 New opportunities for
entrepreneurs
 More efficient to bring laborers
under 1 roof
 Factories near water
 Towns spring up around
factories
 Steam Engine
 Applied to all industry
 Greater flexibility
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Consequence of Industrial Revolution in England
 (a) Transport more raw materials
 (b) Transport more finished goods
 Early Transportation
 Turnpikes (economic development): Toll Roads
 Canals
 Railroads: “most important single factor in promoting European economic
progress”
 Railroad Revolution
 1804: R. Trevithick (5 mph)
 1830: Rocket (16 mph)
 1840: 2,000 miles of track; 1850: 6,000 miles of track
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Helped Industrial Revolution
develop:
 (a) Demand for coal & iron
 (b) Development of NEW
middle-class investors
 (c) New job opportunities
 (d) Decreased prices of goods,
made markets larger
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Factory became chief means of organizing labor
 (1) Workers no longer owned means of labor, simply cogs
 (2) Forced to work regular hours; not usual
 (3) Create a system of time-work discipline
 (4) Working regular unvarying tasks
 (5) Tough methods to achieve goals
 (6) Methodism & religion
By 2nd and 3rd generation-working regular hours seemed
legit
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Most of Europe was agrarian during 19th century
European countries had advances like England
Obstacles to Rapid Industrialization
 (1) Lack of transportation system
 (2) Upheavals of war & continental system (Napoleon)
 (3) Traditional business habits & gov’t involvement
 (4) Lack of technical education
Spurs to Industrialization
 (1) Stealing from the British
▪ 1825: Developers forbidden from leaving country
▪ 1842: Export of machinery illegal
 (2) Gov’t support (passed tariffs on goods)
 (3) Joint-stock investment banks
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(1) Population Growth
 Famine, plague on decline
 Increase in food supply
 Move to urbanization
(2) The Great Hunger: 1845-1851; 3 million Irish are affected
(3) Emigration: Europeans relocated to industrial centers
(4) Growth of Cities:
 Rural until 1900s
 1850: manufacturing & industry (London, Paris, Vienna)
(5) Urban Living Conditions
 Inner ring: industrial workers
 Outer ring: skilled artisans
 Outer-Outer ring: middle class
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Working & Living conditions abhorrent during 1st I. Revolution
(1) Edwin Chadwick
 Report on the Labouring Population in Great Britain
 Advocating modern sanitary reforms
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(2) Trade Unions
 Tried to win improvements for members of owntrade
 Robert Owen: cooperative organizations
(3) Luddites
 Skilled craftsmen who believed machines were threatening
livelihood
(4) Chartists
 People’s Charter (1838) by London Working Men’s Association
 Universal male suffrage, payment for members of Parliament,
elimination of property qualifications
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(1) Factory Acts (1802, 1819)
 Limited labor for children
btwn 9-16 to twelve
hrs/day
 Under 9 was forbidden
(2) Factory Act of 1833
 Children btwn 9-13 to
eight hrs/day
 Factory inspectors
appointed
(3) Coal Mines Act of 1842
 Employment of boys and
women under 10
restricted
March 1814: GB, Austria, Prussia, & Russia
 Remain united to defeat France
 Ensure European peace after the war
 Quadruple Alliance
 Restore monarchy in Louis XVIII
 Meet in Sept. to arrange a settlement
 Austrian Diplomat: Metternich (1773-1859)
 (1) Legitimacy
▪ Legitimate power resided in monarchs & institutions
▪ Bourbon Kings restored in Spain & France
 (2) Balance of Power
▪ Each major power balanced militarily & politically
▪ France (weakened): Netherlands to the North (Belgium & Dutch);
Confederation of German States; Spain
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Congress of Vienna: marked beginning of conservative movement to
contain liberal & nationalist movements unleashed by French
Revolution
Conservatism defined: Ideology relating to maintenance of established
institutions (Ancien Regime, monarchy, authority of church); stability
 Edmund Burke
▪ Reflections, 1790:
▪ Sudden change is unacceptable, state unbreakable
 Agreements:
▪ (1) Hereditary Monarchy is ONLY true acceptable form of power
▪ (2) Organized religion necessary
▪ (3) Community over the Individual; ordered society
Congress of Vienna: Meet periodically (4 btwn 1818-1821)
 First: Agree to withdraw armies from France; Quintuple
 Second: Revolution in Spain & Italy provided issues
 Metternich: Principle of Intervention
 Right to send armies into countries to install monarchs
 Britain disagrees
 Quadruple Alliance send troops in to restore monarchs in Italy
& Spain
 Great Britain leaves & Congress fizzles
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Great Britain:
 Corn Law (1815): raised price of grain
 Hurt Peasantry: Revolt
 Restrict public meeting & spread of pamphlets to poor
 France:
 Louis XVIII restored; moderate
 Pushed by Ultraroyalists to return France to monarchy
 Charles X (1824-1830) concedes; liberal backlash
 Russia:
 Czar Alexander I (1801-1825) faces opposition from Northern Union
(establishment of a constitutional monarchy)
 Nicholas I (1825-1855) faces opposition (Decemberist Revolt)
 Becomes a reactionary—GREATLY increases power of police
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Liberalism Defined: people should be free from restraint
 Economic Liberalism: No gov’t interference in economy
 Political Liberalism: Restraints on central gov’ts power, enjoy
basic civil rights
 Influences: Enlightenment, Revolutions, Indust. Revolution
 Political Liberals:
 Protection of Civil Rights guaranteed by Constitution
 Religious toleration; separation of church & state
 Limited suffrage (middle class dominated)
 John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, 1859
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(1) Nationalism
 Cultural nationalism changed to political nationalism
 Govt’s should coincide with nationalities
▪ Germany, Italian, Hungarian
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(2) Early Socialism
 Reaction to Industrialization; introduce equality into social conditions;
 Capitalism & competition<human & institutional cooperation; new
system organization
Beginning in 1830, the forces of change began to break
through the conservative domination of Europe, more
successfully in some places than in others.
Finally, in 1848, a series of revolutions moved throughout
Europe.
What caused these revolutions?
What were the results?
Ultimately, what led to their downfall?
French Example of the 1830 & 1848 Revolutions
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Louis XVIII dies; Charles X (1824-1830) succeeds
 (1) Conservative
 (2) Restore Ancien Regime
▪ Aristocratic land & Catholicism returned
 (3) Dissolves French legislature & calls for new elections
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Elections in 1830:
 Huge victory for liberals
 Charles X issues set of Edicts (July Ordinances)
▪ Censorship of the press, dissolved the legislature
 Immediate backlash (July Revolutions)
Louis Philippe: King of Constitutional Monarch
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Bourgeois Monarch
Constitutional Changes (favoring upper Bourgeoisie):
 Nobility on merit
 Financial qualifications to vote are lessened (200,000)
Angered the middle classes; Parisians
1846-1847: Industrial & Agricultural Depression
Opposition mounted; Banquets to call for reforms
February 22, 1847: Banquet blocked; Louis-Philippe abdicates
Provisional Gov’t established:
 Backed by liberals
 New Constitution
 Universal male suffrage
National Workshops
 10,000-120,000
 Moderates pull program
 Workers revolt; 4,000 dead
 New Constitution
 (1) Second Republic
 (2) Unicameral-universal
 (3) Presidency
 Charles Louis Napoleon wins
 EMPEROR within 4 yrs
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1830 marked a year of “change”:
 (1) Whigs (liberal) took charge of Parliament
 (2) July Revolutions in France encouraged Middle Class to call for change
 (3) New class had emerged, the Industrial Middle Class who objected to a
British system that excluded them from voting
 Whigs decided reform was necessary, pass series of acts:
 (1) Reform Act of 1832
 Redistricted England to allow more Industrial Middle Class power
 Did NOT lower voting qualifications, but did double the number of people
voting
 Did not affect lower classes, nor change the composition of Commons
 Effect: IMC gained power in England
 (2) Poor Law of 1834
 Belief that aid to poor made them lazy and complacent
 Poor Houses were set up, conditions purposely wretched
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French Revolution 1848 had major effect on Central Europe
 Germany
▪ Rulers (King Frederick IV of Prussia) promise change:
▪ (1) Increased civil rights (2) Abolition of press censorship
▪ (3) Establish new constitutions (4) Work for a united German empire
 Frankfurt Assembly
▪ German states (male suffrage) elected deputies Assembly
▪ “Enlightened” members of the IMC (lawyers, profs, bureaucrats)
▪ Controversial
▪ (1) Claimed to represent all of Germany
▪ (2) Grossdeutsch (include Austria) vs. Kleindeutsch (exclude Austria)
▪ Austrian withdrawl, Prussia follows
▪ Frankfurt Assembly disbands in May 1848
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Rebellions break out in the 1830s after July calling for liberal
reforms (fail)
Early attempts at unification:
 Giuseppe Mazzini
▪ Young Italy (1831): Creation of a united Italian Republic
▪ Urges revolution throughout Italian provinces
▪ Sicily, Lombardy, Venice, Piedmont*
▪ Effect: Rulers concede to liberal constitution
▪ Result:
▪ (1) Austria dispatches army to area
▪ (2) Pope Pius IX uses French forces to help regain Rome
▪ (3) Unification ends by 1849
▪ (4) Piedmont (liberal) sets stage for unification
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Overall: Liberal backlash broke out in response to conservative
early 19th ce
Led to installation of liberal gov’ts w/ liberal constitutions
Why Fail?
 (1) Unity of revolutionaries made revolutions possible,
division ended the revolution
▪ Moderate liberals called for increased suffrage (working
class)
▪ Reactionaries called for extended reforms
▪ Moderates balked, restore order
 (2) Nationalistic reasons
▪ Hungarians call for independence in Austria
▪ Wouldn’t recognize the rights of Croats, Serbs
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Hanover
Robert Walpole
Frederick the Great
Junkers
Catherine the G & Joseph II
The Pragmatic Sanction (1740)
War of Austrian Succession (1740-48)
Seven Years’ War
The taille
3 Estates
King Louis XVI
Estates General
Cahiers de doleances
Vote by order or by head
National Assembly
Oath of the Tennis Court
The Fall of the Bastille
The Great Fear
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Declaration of Rights…
Olympe de Gouges
Women’s March on Versailles
Civil Constitution of Clergy (1790)
Sans-coulettes
Mountain & Girondin
Committee of Public Safety
Maximillian Robespierre
Reign of Terror
Thermidorean Reaction
Napoleon Bonaparte
First Consul
Concordat of 1801
Civil Code or Napoleonic Code
Continental System
Quadruple Alliance
Louis XVIII
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Agricultural Revolution
Steam Engine
Cotton/Textile Industry
Great Britain
Modern Train
The Grand Exhibition (1851)
Joint-Stock Companies
Ireland
Robert Owen
Luddites
Chartists
Congress of Vienna
Klemens von Metternich
Principle of Legitimacy
Balance of Power
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Conservatism
Edmund Burke
Concert of Europe
Principle of Intervention
Tories
Peterloo Massacre
Charles X
Ultra-Royalists
Liberalism
On Liberty
Thomas Malthus
Nationalism
Louis-Philippe
Second Republic
Charles Louis Napoleon
Analyze the arguments and practices concerning religious toleration
from the 16th to the 18th century.
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1. Provides an appropriate, explicitly stated thesis that
directly addresses all parts of the question. Thesis must
not simply restate the question.
 The thesis must address arguments and practices, though it
does not necessarily need to use both the terms “arguments”
and “practices” explicitly. The complete thesis must appear in
either the introduction OR the conclusion (INTRO)
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“Different people took different routes regarding their
practices and arguments about religious toleration. Some
political leaders supported religious toleration for political
purposes, other rulers used it to maintain peace and stability,
enlightened thinkers supported religious toleration based on
principle, and some rulers did not support religious toleration
out of religious conviction.”
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“Many Europeans struggled over the issue of religious
toleration. The arguments and practices included
toleration, non-toleration, and compromise. The debate
came down to peace or not within the state.”
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“There were lots of arguments and practices concerning
religious toleration in Europe. These can be looked at in
several distinct ways.”
Analyze various arguments that emerged over the course of
the nineteenth century about how to improve the lives of
European workers.
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Analyzes point of view or bias in at least three
documents.
 The essay must make a reasonable effort to explain why
a particular source expresses the stated view by
▪ relating authorial point of view to author’s place in
society (motive, position, status, etc.); OR
▪ evaluating the reliability of the source; OR
▪ recognizing that different kinds of documents serve
different purposes; OR
▪ analyzing the tone of the documents; must be clear and
relevant.
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Castellio, as a French Protestant from a Catholic country must have
faced intolerance himself (Doc 1).
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Document 1 is reliable because Sebastian Castellio is a theologian and
a man of faith would be foolish to lie. (Doc. 1)
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By banning Protestant faith across his nation, King Louis XIV
attempted to secure his own kingdom and power from the threats of
uprising. (Doc. 8)
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Because these Levelers were writing in a pamphlet, they likely used
particularly strong language to get people to support them against a
monarchy they felt was religiously oppressive. (Doc. 6)
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Peace of Augsburg
Thirty Years’ War
Peace of Westphalia
Gustavus Adolphus
Absolutism
Divine Right Monarchy
Jacques Bousset
Cardinal Richielieu
Intendents
Louis XIV
Cardinal Mazarin
The Fronde
Edict of Fontainebleu
Palace at Versailles
War of Spanish Succession
Treaty of Utrecht
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Boyars
Peter the Great
Westernize/Warm Water Port
Great Northern War
Amsterdam
James I
Petition of Right
Long Parliament
Triennial Act
Oliver Cromwell
Republic/Commonwealth
Charles II
Test Act
Glorious Revolution
William and Mary
English Bill of Rights
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Ptolemy
Copernicus
On the Heavenly Spheres
Tycho Brahe
Johannes Kepler
Galileo
The Starry Messenger
Isaac Newton
Principia
William Harvey
Margaret Cavendish
Rene Descartes
Discourse on Method
Francis Bacon
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Philosophes
Thomas Hobbes
The Leviathan
John Locke
Montesquieu
Voltaire
Encyclopedia
Adam Smith
J. Jacques Rousseau
Mary Wollstonecraft
Methodism
Deism
Hanover
Robert Walpole
Frederick the Great
Junkers
Catherine the G & Joseph II
The Pragmatic Sanction (1740)
War of Austrian Succession (1740-48)
Seven Years’ War