The Nationalist Period, 1848 - 1870:
The Unification Movements
AP European History
Androstic
2012-2013
Overview
Bound by commonalities and a sense of belonging
(speech, culture, history, ethnicity)
•Governments realized that they needed to harness these
energies
•Aims of 1848 now somewhat realized
Governments will lead nationalist pushes
•Drive out minorities
Topics
•Crimean War
•Second French Empire
•Italian Unification
•German Unification
•Austria
•Russia
Study Guide – Section 63, #1, Palmer pg. 515-516
Crimean War
2. What significance was the
Crimean War for European national
movements? How did the major
European powers become involved
in the dispute that broke out
between Russia and Turkey in
1853?
Study Guide – Section 63, Palmer pg. 519-520
Crimean War (1854-1856)
•Caused by Russia's
continued drive to
the south
•France, the UK, &
Austria fear Russian
expansion
Study Guide – Section 63, #2, Palmer pg. 519-520
The Charge of the Light
Brigade
Half a league, half a league,
Half a league onward,
All in the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.
"Forward, the Light Brigade!
"Charge for the guns!" he said:
Into the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred…
A romanticized poem of the battle
by Alfred Lord Tennyson
Florence Nightengale
“The Lady with
the Lamp”
Treaty of Paris, 1856
•All pledged to uphold
Ottoman Turkey
•Romania and Serbia
though were to become
independent
•Russia lost influence &
territory
France
1. Discuss political institutions and
political life in the Second Empire.
Study Guide – Section 62, Palmer pg. 512-513
2. Describe French economic
growth under Napoleon III.
Study Guide – Section 62, Palmer pg. 513-514
3. What caused the ruin and
downfall of the Second Empire?
Study Guide – Section 62, Palmer pg. 515-516
France
President Louis-Napoleon
Emperor Napoleon III
Second Empire
•Politics
•Populist and authoritarian
ruler
•Built modern Paris – Burned
during 1848
•Economics
•Credit Mobilier
•Suez Canal
•Industrial Growth
•Foreign Policy
•Mexican Empire
•Colonies
Avenue des Gobelins and the
Panthéon, Paris
Study Guide – Section 62, #1, Palmer pg. 512-513
Study Guide – Section 62, #2, Palmer pg. 513-514
Study Guide – Section 62, #3, Palmer pg. 515-516
Italy
Unification
of
Italy
1. Describe the state of political
affairs in Italy in the 1850s. How
did Piedmont differ from the other
Italian states?
Study Guide – Section 64, Palmer pg. 521
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
Italian unification
movement:
Risorgimento
[“Resurgence”]
2. What role had Mazzini played?
What had happened in 1848 to the
unification movement?
Study Guide – Section 64, Palmer pg. 521
3. How did Cavour unify Italy?
Study Guide – Section 64, Palmer pg. 522-525
Italian Unification
“Heart”
“Brains”
Giuseppe Mazzini
Camillo di Cavour
“Sword”
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Study Guide – Section 64, #3, Palmer pg. 522-525
Pope Pius IX: The Spoiler?
Study Guide – Section 64, #3, Palmer pg. 522-525
Austro-Sardinian War, 1859
Study Guide –
Section 64, #3,
Palmer pg. 522-525
4. What was the status of
unification in 1861? How was it
eventually completed?
Study Guide – Section 64, Palmer pg. 523
Garibaldi & the Red Shirts unite
with Piedmont-Sardinia, 1861
Study Guide – Section 64, #4, Palmer pg. 523
Austro-Prussian War, 1866
•Italy sides with
Prussia against
Austria
•Annexes Venetia
Study Guide – Section 64, #4, Palmer pg. 523
Unified Peninsula
A contemporary British
cartoon, entitled
"Right Leg in the Boot
at Last," shows
Garibaldi helping
Victor Emmanuel put
on the Italian boot.
Study Guide – Section 64, #4, Palmer pg. 523
French Troops Leave Rome, 1870
Kingdom of Italy, 1871
Study Guide – Section 64, #4, Palmer pg. 523
Germany
German
Unification
Zollverein, 1834
1. What were the lessons for
national unification seen in the
failure of Frankfurt Assembly?
Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 526
2. Explain Bismarck’s political
outlook and describe the nature
and outcome of his dispute with
the liberals in the Prussian
parliament. What was the meaning
of his famous “blood and iron”
statement?
Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 527
Otto von Bismarck
“Iron” Chancellor of Prussia and German Empire
Study Guide – Section 65, #2, Palmer pg. 527
3. How did Bismarck succeed in
ousting Austria from a position of
leadership in Germany?
Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 528
The Danish
War, 1864
Austro-Prusian War
(Seven Weeks War), 1866
Prussia
Austria
Study Guide – Section 65, #3, Palmer pg. 528
North German
Confederation, 1867
4. What did Bismarck hope to
accomplish by a war with France?
How did the Franco-Prussian war
start? How did the war affect
France? Germany?
Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 531-532
Franco-Prussian War, 1871
•Ems Dispatch
•Battle of Sedan
•Quickly occupied
Paris and captured
Napoleon III
Study Guide – Section 65, #4, Palmer pg. 531-532
Treaty of Frankfurt, 1871
•Second French Empire collapsed and
Italians seized Rome
•France was forced to pay a huge
indemnity and was occupied by the
Germans until it was paid
•France had to give up Alsace-Lorraine
•The German Empire was proclaimed, the
Second Reich
Study Guide – Section 65, #4, Palmer pg. 531-532
German Empire (1871)
Kaiser Wilhelm I
Austria
5. What were the chief problems
confronting the Habsburg empire in
the nineteenth century?
Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 534-535
Austria-Hungary Ethnicities
Study Guide – Section 65, #5, Palmer pg. 534-535
6. How effective was the Comprise
of 1867 as a solution to the
nationalities problem in the
Habsburg Empire?
Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 535-536
Compromise of 1867,
Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary (1871)
Study Guide – Section 65, #6, Palmer pg. 535-536
Russia
1. How did the autocracy in Russia
differ from absolutism in the West?
Study Guide – Section 66, Palmer pg. 537
2. Explain the role of the
“intelligentsia” in Russian life.
Study Guide – Section 66, Palmer pg. 540
3. How did serfdom in Russia
before 1861 differ from and
resemble American slavery? What
did the Act of Emancipation of 1861
accomplish?
Study Guide – Section 66, Palmer pg. 540-541
4. How did the Russian
revolutionists react to the reforms
of Alexander II?
Study Guide – Section 66, Palmer pg. 543-544
Russia
•Failure in the Crimean War
•Tsar rules by “ukase” and
the secret police
•Muzhiks – Serfs
•Intelligensia
•Sees the need for Reforms
•Emancipation Act of 1861
•Legal Changes
•Zemstovs
•Assassinated
Tsar Alexander II, Emperor of the Russian Empire
Study Guide – Section 66, #1-4, Palmer pg. 537-544
Tsar Alexander III
•Reacted harshly to his
father's assassination
•Returned to the
repression of the past
•Pogroms
•Forced Jewish migration to
the Pale
Pogroms
Summary
•Every European state tried to use
nationalism to support their governments –
ex. Crimean War
•This met with mixed success, as some
dissolved, as some unified, or as others
became more repressive
•BUT, THE UNIFICATIONS OF ITALY
AND GERMANY UPSET THE BALANCE
OF POWER IN EUROPE!