American Romanticism
1800 - 1860
We will walk with our own feet
we will work with our own hands
we will speak our own minds
-Ralph Waldo Emerson
Political and Social Milestones
• The Louisiana Purchase - 1803
• The Gold Rush - 1849
• Education and Reform
Rationalism vs. Romanticism
• The rationalists
believed the city to be a
place to find success
and self-realization
• The romantics
associated the
countryside with
independence, moral
clarity, and healthful
living.
Characteristics of American
Romanticism
• Values feeling and
intuition over reason
• Places faith in inner
experience and the
power of the
imagination
• Shuns the artificiality
of civilization and seeks
unspoiled nature
• Prefers youthful
innocence to educated
sophistication
• Champions individual
freedom and the worth
of the individual
• Contemplates
nature’s beauty as a
path to spiritual and
moral development
Characteristics (continued)
• Looks backward to
the wisdom of the past
and distrusts progress
• Finds beauty and
truth in exotic locals,
the supernatural realm,
and the inner world of
the imagination
• Sees poetry as the
highest expression of
the imagination
• Finds inspiration in
myth, legend, and fold
culture
Rising to higher truths
• Belief of obtaining higher truths
• through the exploration of the past and of
exotic, even supernatural, realms--the Gothic
novel--old legends and folklore
• through the contemplation of the natural
world--lyric poetry--its underlying beauty and
truth
New American Novelists
• Herman Melville - (ex-sailor) wrote Moby Dick
• Nathaniel Hawthorne - wrote The Scarlet Letter
• More a “coming of age” not a renaissance
The Fireside Poets
• Opposite of novelists - worked within European literary
traditions
• Used English themes, meter, imagery with American settings
and subjects
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, Oliver
Wendel Holmes, James Russell Lowell
Transcendentalism
• The idea that in
determining the
ultimate reality of God,
the universe, the self,
and other important
matters, one must
transcend, or go
beyond, everyday
human experience in
the physical world.
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
influenced by ancient
Greek - Plato
• Also based on Puritan
belief and Romantics
• Based on intuition;
optimistic
• Henry David Thoreau
Emerson’s close friend
The Realm of Darkness
• Edgar Allen Poe with Hawthorne and Melville known and antiTranscendentalists
• Had much in common with Trascendentalists
• Explored conflicts between good and evil, psychological effects
of guilt and sin, and madness
American Gothic
Literature
Edgar Allan Poe Author Study
The Dark Side of
Individualism
American Gothic
Gothic Literature
• Gothic Literary tradition came to be in part from the Gothic
architecture of the Middle Ages.
• Gothic cathedrals with irregularly placed towers, and high
stained-glass windows were intended to inspire awe and fear
in religious worshipers.
•Gargoyles—carvings of small deformed creatures squatting at the
corners and crevices of Gothic cathedrals—were supposed to ward off
evil spirits, but they often look more like demonic spirits themselves.
•Think of the gargoyle as a mascot of Gothic, and you will get an idea of the kind
of imaginative distortion of reality that Gothic represents.
Gothic vs. Romanticism
Romantic writers celebrated the
beauties of nature.
 Romanticism developed as
a reaction against the
rationalism of the Age of
Reason.
 The romantics freed the
imagination from the hold
of reason, so they could
follow their imagination
wherever it might lead.
 For some Romantics, when
they looked at the
individual, they saw hope
(think “A Psalm of Life”).
Gothic writers were peering into
the darkness at the supernatural.
For some Romantic
writers, the imagination led
to the threshold of the
unknown—the shadowy
region where the fantastic,
the demonic and the insane
reside.


When the Gothic's saw the
individual, they saw the
potential of evil.
Gothic Movement in America
The Gothic Tradition was firmly established in
Europe before American writers had made
names for themselves.
By the 19th century, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathanial
Hawthorne, and to a lesser extent Washington
Irving and Herman Melville were using the Gothic
elements in their writing.
Edgar Allan Poe was the master of the Gothic
form in the United States.
Edgar Allan Poe
 His stories have:
 Settings that featuring
○ Dark, medieval castles
○ Decaying ancient estates
 Characters that are
○ Male—insane
○ Female—beautiful and dead (or dying)
 Plots that include
○
○
○
○
Murder
Live burials
Physical and mental torture
Retribution from beyond the grave
The Gothic dimension of Poe’s
fictional world offered him a way
to explore the human mind in
these extreme situations and so
arrive at an essential truth
Nathanial Hawthorne
• He also used Gothic elements in his work to express what he
felt were essential truths
• Instead of looking at the mind for its dysfunction, Hawthorne
examined the human heart under conditions of fear, vanity,
mistrust, and betrayal.
Southern Gothic
• After the real horrors of the Civil War, the Gothic tradition lost
its popularity.
• During the 20th century, it made a comeback in the American
South.
• Authors like William Faulkner, Carson McCullers, Truman
Capote, and Flannery O’Connor are grouped together because
of the gloom and pessimism of their fiction.
Edgar Allan Poe
• During a life marked by pain
and loss, Edgar Allan Poe
wrote haunting tales in which
he explored the dark side of
the human mind.
• A well-read man with a taste
for literature, Poe was cursed
with a morbidly sensitive
nature and made his feelings
of sadness and depression the
basis of a distinctive body of
literary work.
• The following is a look at the
life and work of a mysterious
American master.
Marked by Loss
 Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts in 1809, one of three
children born to a couple who toured the East as actors.
 Before he was three years old, his father had abandoned the
family, and his mother had died of tuberculosis.
 John and Francis Allan, took Poe to their home in Richmond,
Virginia and became his foster parents.
 With the Allan’s he briefly lived in England, and continued his
education in the United States.
A Restless Spirit
 This period in Poe’s life was full of high’s and lows.
 1826, he started at the University of Virginia, where his reckless
habits led to heavy debt, forcing him to leave school.
 He moved to Boston, where he published his first book,
Tamerlane and Other Poems in 1827.
 In 1828, he was flat broke and enlisted into the army. John Allan
got him an appointment at West Point, but he found the school
confining and made sure he was expelled.
A Man of Letters
 After leaving West Point, he moved to Baltimore to live with
his aunt Maria Clemm and her young daughter Virginia. There
he began writing short stories.
 In 1834, he moved to Richmond to work for the Southern
Literary Messenger. His reviews in the Messenger led to
increased in the magazine’s circulation.
 In 1836, Poe married his cousin. Soon after, a disagreement
led to him leaving the Messenger and moving again, this time
to New York City.
 After publishing another short novel, he moved again
searching for work, this time to Philadelphia.
Poe in Philadelphia
 His years in Philadelphia would be Poe’s most productive.
 In 1839 he was the editor of Burton’s Gentlemen’s Magazine, to
which he contributed both reviews and stories.
 His first collection of short stories was published, Tales of the
Grotesque and Arabesque.
 He was then fired from Burton’s in 1840.
 He attempted to begin his own literary magazine, but it failed.
 He accepted an offer as editor of Graham’s Magazine, where he
published his groundbreaking story The Murders in the Rue
Morgue”
○ The was considered groundbreaking because it was the first
detective story.
The real trouble begins
• Poe was awarded a $100 prize for his short story “The Gold
Bug” published in 1845.
• This brought his the recognition and success that he had
always wanted.
• With the success, he was hit with a major personal blow;
Virginia, who had been battling illness since 1842, died.
• In the years following Virginia’s death, Poe struggled with
despair as well as his own failing health.
• He moved back to Baltimore in 1849, where his health
declined quickly.
• He collapsed on a Baltimore street where he was taken to a
hospital. He died a few days later.
Poe’s Reputation
 Poe’s work generated strong responses. Critics either loved
his work, or they hated it.
 Shortly after his death, a one-time friend published a
biography on Poe.
 This work established the view of Poe as a gifted, but socially
unaccepted writer.
 This tainted his reputation in America for many years.
 Eventually in the United States, his reputation was regained.
 Today, Poe is recognized as a master of poetry, a superb
writer of short stories, and a profound explorer of the
torments of the human soul.
 He wrote only one novel, around 50 poems, and 70 short
stories.
Timeline of Poe’s Work
1827
Poe published
Tamerlane and
Other Poems
1809
Poe was born
on January
19th
1831
Expelled from
West Point
Publishes Poems
1839
Poe published Tales
of Grotesque and
Arabesque including
“The Fall of the
House of Usher”
1836
Poe married
Virginia
Clemm
1841
Poe wrote “The
Murders of Rue
Morgue”
1845
Poe published
“The Raven”
1847
Poe dies in
Baltimore on
October 7th