Genetic
engineering and
biotechnology
What are the benefits of
biotechnology?
• Medicine
• human
• veterinary
• biopharming
•
•
•
•
Environment
Agriculture
Food products
Industry and manufacturing
Transfer of new
genes into animal
organisms
Anti-cancer drugs
Culture of plants
from single cells
Diagnostics
Cell
Culture
Monoclonal
Antibodies
Crime solving
Molecular
Biology
DNA
technology
Genetic
Engineering
Banks of
DNA, RNA
and proteins
Complete
map of the
human
genome
Tracers
Synthesis
of new
proteins
Mass prodn. of
human proteins
Resource bank
for rare human
chemicals
New types of
plants and
animals
New types
of food
Cloning
New
antibiotics
Synthesis of
specific DNA
probes
Localisation of
genetic disorders
Gene therapy
ASSESMENT STATEMENTS
PCR
ELECTROPHORESIS
DNA PROFILING
THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
GENE TRANSFER
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISIMS
ETHNICAL ISSUES
EXPLORING DNA
Through genetic
engineering scientists
can combine DNA
from different sources
and this process is
called “Recombinant
DNA technology”
The secrets of DNA
structure and
functions have led to
gene cloning and
genetic engineering,
manipulating the
DNA of an organism
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biochemical
technology in molecular biology to amplify single or a
few copies of a piece of DNA
PCR Animation
Denaturation: DNA melts
Annealing: Primers bind
Extension: DNA is replicated
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
2KoLnIwoZKU
http://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/pcr.html
By using PCR , forensics experts or research
technicians can obtain millions of copies of the DNA
just few ours.
Gel Electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and
analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and
their fragments, based on their size and charge.
Enyzmes are used to chop up the long filaments of DNA into
varying sized fragments. DNA fragments are placed into
small holes in gel.
The gel is exposed an electric current.
Smallest , least massive part is speed.
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/gel/
DNA PROFILING
DNA profiling (also called DNA testing, DNA typing,
or genetic fingerprinting) is a technique employed
by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of
individuals by their respective DNA profiles.
http://www.biotechnologyonline.go
v.au/popups/int_dnaprofiling.html
EVEN THOUGH 99.9 PERCENT OF HUMAN DNA is
exactly the same in all people, a single droplet of blood or
stray eyelash collected at a crime scene still carries all the
genetic information needed to convict a criminal.
DNA profiling or genetic fingerprinting, reveals a suite
of variations in the genetic code that, taken together,
constitute an individual’s unique DNA profile. Here’s
how it works:
1. Collect a sample and extract its DNA.
2. Amplify the telltale regions.
3. Count the repeats.
4. Look for a match
THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an
international scientific research project with a primary
goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs
which make up DNA, and of identifying and mapping
the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human
genome from both a physical and functional standpoint.
The project began in October 1990, completed one in
2003.
Adventageous Use of Human Genome
Find beneficial molecules which are produced
naturally in healthy people.
Find out which gene controls the synthesis of desirable
molecules
Copy the gene and use it as instructions to synthesize the
molecule in laboratory
Distribute the benefical molecule as a new medical
treatment.
GENE TRANSFER
The technique of taking a gene out of one
organism(donor) and placing it in another organism.(host)
is called gene transfer
Cold Tolerance
Insect Resistance
Cutting, copying and pasting
DNA
Molecular cloning
It is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are
used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct
their replication within host organisms. The use of the
word cloning refers to the fact that the method involves the
replication of a single DNA molecule starting from a single living
cell to generate a large population of cells containing identical
DNA molecules.
(Typically an easy-to-grow, benign, laboratory strain of E.
Coli bacteria
What exactly is cloning?
Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact
genetic copy of another. This means that every single
bit of DNA is the same between the two!
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/
clickandclone/
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/transgenic/
Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be
cloned from an adult cell
• Dolly gave birth
to four lambs
Biotechnology Timeline
1750 BC
The Sumerians brew beer.
500 BC
Chinese use moldy soybean
curds as an antibiotic to treat
boils
1590
Janssen invents the microscope
1675
Leeuwenhoek discovers cells
(bacteria, red blood cells)
1830
Proteins are discovered
1833
The first enzymes are isolated
1855
The Eschirium coli bacterium
is discovered
Biotechnology Timeline
1859
Charles Darwin publishes On
the Origin of Species
1864
Louis Pasteur shows all living
things are produced by other
living things
1865
The age of genetics begins
1902
Walter Sutton coins the term
‘gene’ - proposed that
chromosomes carry genes
Biotechnology Timeline
1910
Chromosomal theory of
inheritance proved
1928
Fleming discovers antibiotic
properties of certain molds
1941
George Beadle and Edward Tatum propose
that one gene makes one protein
1949
Sickle cell anaemia demonstrated to be
molecular disease
Biotechnology Timeline
1952
The ‘Waring Blender’
experiment
1953
The double helix is unravelled
1967
The genetic code is cracked
1973
Recombinant DNA
technology begins
1975
First international conference
on recombinant DNA
technology
Biotechnology Timeline
1975
DNA sequencing discovered
1975
Monoclonal antibody
technology introduced
1978
Genentech Inc. established
1978
Genentech use genetic engineering to produce
human insulin in E.coli - 1980 IPO of $89
1978
Kary Mullis discovers PCR
Biotechnology Timeline
1989
The Human Genome Project begins
1990
First use of gene therapy
1990
First product of recombinant
DNA technology introduced
into US food chain
1993
FDA announces that
transgenic food is safe
1994
The FLAVRSAVR tomato first genetically engineered
whole food
History of Biotechnology
1998
Human embryonic stem cells
grown
1999
Celera announces completion
of Drosophilia genome
sequence
2000
90% of Human Genome
sequence published on web
2001
Human genome project
complete
Biotechnology Timeline
1996
First mammal cloned from adult
cells
1990s
First conviction using genetic
fingerprinting
1996
Development of Affymetrix
GeneChip
1997
First artificial chromosome
Resources
http://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/pcr.html
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/transgenic
/
http://www.wikipedia.org/