Tourism
vis-à-vis
Bio-Diversity, Climate Change & Social Impacts
• The term Tourism is defined in many ways and there is no
consensus regarding the definition of tourism.
• Tour is derived from Latin “tornare” and the Greek
“tornos” meaning the movement around a central point or
axis of a circle. Suffix ‘ism’ defined as an action or a
process made it to mean a journey from one point to
complete a circle in the process.
• Tourism is also defined as a collection of activities,
services and industries which deliver a travel experience
comprising transportation, accommodation, shopping,
entertainment and hospitality to travellers away from
home. The dictionary meaning of tourism makes us to
believe it as a travel for recreation, leisure or business
purposes.
• Over the decades, tourism has emerged as one
of the fastest growing economic sectors in the
world to become a thriving global industry with
a power to impact developing countries in both
positive and negative ways.
• Like any other industry, tourism has been
under continuous and divergent changes
• The largest service industry contributing 6.23% to the
national GDP and 8.78% to the total employment.
• More than 5.5 million foreign tourists come to the
country annually. The number of domestic tourists in
2008 stand at 740 million.
• Generated about 100 billion US$ in 2008 and it is
expected to increase to 275.5 billion US$ by 2018 at
9.4% annual growth rate.
• 17.9 million foreign tourists visited India in 2010. World
Trade and Tourist Council predicts India to be tourism
hot spot by 2018 having the highest 10 year growth
potential.
• The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report-2007
ranked tourism in India sixth in terms of price
competitiveness and 39th in terms of safety and security.
• The 5000 years’ history of India,
• the variety of geographic features make India’s
tourism basket large and varied.
• India, known for its lavish treatment to all its
visitors is definitely visitor-friendly.
• The varied life styles, cultural heritage,
colourful fairs and festivals, beautiful beaches,
forests, wildlife, snow clad mountain peaks,
spiritual and adventure tourism.
• Cheap & Quality Medical facilities. Medical
tourism in India is growing despite economic
slowdown elsewhere.
• The demand for travel and tourism in India is
expected to grow by 8.2 % between 2010 and
2019 and will place India at the 3rd position in
the world. (Tourism Satellite Accounting (TSA) research released by the World Travel and
Tourism Council (WTTC) and its strategic partner Oxford Economics in March2009,)
• It forecasts India to get capital investment worth
US bl $94.5 in travel and tourism sector in
2019,while it is expected to be the second largest
employer in the world, employing 40,037,000 by
2019.
• Tourism has both Positive & Negative Impacts
• Positive impact : Generates income and employment
• Negative impacts : Many & more damaging, as tourism
sometimes destroys the social fabrics of a community.
The more tourists coming to a place, the more is the
perceived risk of that place losing its identity.
• During the late 60s and 70s, thousands of youths
called Hippies from Europe and US came to the
beaches of India particularly to Goa. Their excessive
use of drugs, prostitution and human trafficking
changed the whole culture of Goa.
• Tourism increases tension, hostility and suspicion
between the tourists and the local communities since
there is no respect and understanding for each other’s
culture and way of life. This often leads to violence
and crime.
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Adverse impact is felt on environment and ecology. Increased
transportation and construction activities lead to large scale
deforestation & destabilization of natural landforms
Increased tourist flows lead to increase in solid waste dumping and
depletion of water and fuel.
Noise pollution from vehicular traffic, public address system,
vehicular emission, untreated sewage etc. also have direct effects
on bio-diversity, ambient environment and general profile of tourist
areas.
Over use the natural resources lead to water shortage and
degradation of water supplies besides affecting Energy, food and
other raw materials
Seasonal character of tourism makes many destinations ten times
more inhabitants. A high demand is placed on the resources to
meet the high expectations of the tourists.
Increased construction of infrastructure, recreational facilities
increase pressure on fuels, soil, wet land, wild life and other land
resources. Direct impact on natural resources, both renewable and
non-renewable for excessive use of land for accommodation.
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• Pollution is another grave danger. Air and noise pollutions
are due to transport emissions, which are linked to acid
rain, global warming and photochemical pollution.
• Waste disposal is another serious problem mostly in the
Himalayas. Tourists leave behind their garbage, oxygen
cylinders and even camping equipments. Degrades the
environment particularly in remote areas where there are
few garbage collection and disposal facilities.
• Construction of hotels, recreational facilities often lead to
sewage pollution. Waste water continues to pollute sea,
lakes and other water bodies damaging the flora and fauna.
Sewage run off causes serious damage to coral reefs because
it stimulates the growth of algae that cover the filterfeeding corals, hindering their ability to survive.
• Changes in salinity and siltation can have wide-ranging
impacts on coastal environments. Beaches of Goa, Kerala,
Tamil Nadu and Odisha are cases in point
Adverse impact
• Government has to protect the environment but
at the same time it is committed to promote
tourism, hence the protected area network in
India has increased considerably in the last
three decades.
• In 1970, there were 10 National parks, 127
sanctuaries in an area of 1,320,000 square kms
and by 1993 there were 500 protected areas
including parks and sanctuaries. This has again
gone up because of huge public demand in
protecting more and more areas and the natural
habitats.
• With the help of World Bank several ecodevelopment projects have been identified for
implementing some measures.
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A startling revelation sometime ago came out in ‘The
Statesman’. It has been reported that a tiny hamlet, Tabo in
Spiti valley of Himachal Pradesh has a population of 410
people living in a close community with their own distinct
cultural identity. It was self-sufficient and unaffected by the
external influences.
A travel agent found a Buddhist
Monastery in the village completing 1000 years. As soon as
the news spread, rather propagated by the travel agent,
hundreds of tourist descended on the place. It was not known
whether the tourists were Buddhists or whether they were
interested in Buddhism. The 410 natives of the area were
found lost in a crowd of 25000 tourists.
The district
administration failed miserably to provide even basic
necessities like sanitation, drinking water and wood for fuel.
The desolate landscape lost whatever little vegetation cover.
Demands of the tourists signaled the end for the precious
livestock of the semi-nomadic population.
Foreigners clogged the toilets with toilet papers which
eventually found its way to the Spiti river, drinking water
source for several villages down stream.
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It is just one example to show how tourism ventures fail if the issues are
not properly addressed to. Parts of Himachal Pradesh, Western Nepal,
Jammu and Kashmir have witnessed similar atrocities on nature
jeopardizing a delicately balanced environment and throwing it into
complete disarray.
There are instances where people have failed to recognize the
unbalancing effect on the inflated market economy causing upward
pricing trends for commodities of daily necessity like food and fodder.
Some countries, create a database for nationwide site management to
regulate the flow of tourists to check on the fragility of the place.
Unfortunately in India it has not been done, hence it is imperative to
have an advanced digital system to monitor the ecological consequences
and environmental cost.
Conservative estimate by the Ministry of Tourism, (Annual Report, Ministry of
Tourism, 2009) put more than 2,50,000 pilgrims, 25,000 trekkers and over 100
mountaineering expeditions coming to the source of the river Ganges, for
various reasons annually.
They deplete local forests for firewood, trample vegetation and throw
litter.
This in the long run causes irreparable damage to the
environment. International agencies like World Wildlife Fund for Nature
(WWF), International Union for Conservation of Nature and natural
Resources (IUCN) continue to raise the issue for a cautious tourist use of
nature protection.
• Differences in defining eco-tourism. But presumed
that this is for the benefit of local communities,
protection of nature to minimize the environmental
effects.
• Practical experiments testify the difficulty of
balancing ecological, socio-political goals at the level
of the individual protection project. Tour operators
claim to have implemented socially, ecologically and
economically sustainable forms of tourism but they
never do it.
• Conservation efforts in tourism, seldom benefit the
local people.
Nagarahole National Park, situated
between Kodagu and Mysore in South India is a case
in point.
In 1972 this area was declared as a
National Park and the local people were relocated
• The government built jungle lodges inside the park area
and to increase the tourism traffic these lodges were
leased out to the Taj Group of Hotels which announced an
eco-friendly use of resorts. It was a definite mistake
because the communities who cared for the forest for
hundreds of years have been displaced supposedly to
generate income in order to save a fragile ecosystem
which is being threatened by the tourists’ presence itself.
• The picture in another national park is bit different but
the problem is equally painful.
The tiger reserve of
Simlipal in Odisha, an eastern state of India is often
described as a paradise on earth. Hundreds of thousand
wild animals were moving freely in this dense forest but
ever since the tourist traffic increased beyond
expectation, these animals shied away from their regular
paths invaded by the tourists.
• Numerous
examples to show rapid expansion of
commercial activities under the broad nomenclature
of ‘tourism’ which contribute significantly to the
destruction of eco-system. Chilika lake in Odisha is a
case in point.
• Chilika is a brackish water lagoon spread over 1100
sq. km area. It is the second largest lagoon in the
world and the biggest wintering ground for the
migratory birds in the Indian subcontinent. It is
house to a number of threatened species of plants and
animals (WWF India (2008). It is an ecosystem with large
fishery resources and sustains more than 150,000
fishermen living in 132 villages on the shore and
islands.
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• In 1981 Chilika
became the first Indian wetland of
international importance under the Ramsar Convention for
its rich biodiversity. As an estuarine lagoon, it supports a
unique assemblage of marine, brackish and fresh water
species. The lake has been considered to have greatest value
in preserving genetic diversity.
Over the years, the
ecosystem of the lake encountered several threats due to
shrinking of water surface area, decrease in salinity, overall
loss of biodiversity because of excessive commercialization.
Rapid expansion of commercial aquaculture of prawn has
contributed significantly to the decline of the lake’s
fisheries and bird population (Wood Alexander; Pamela Stedman-Edwards, Johanna
Mang, WWF (US) 2000) The Root Causes of Biodiversity Loss, Earthscan, P. 213f, ISBN-1853836990).
• Since Chilika is home to Irrawaddy dolphins, lot of tourists
visit the lake in boats to watch the dolphins but this
impacts dolphin behavior and cause several accidental
dolphin deaths each year (D Lima, Coralie (2008) Dolphin-human Interaction, Chilika’
Project Summary).
CHILIKA
• Pristine isolated beaches, exotic birds, tens of thousands
of giant turtles, fearsome crocodiles, narrow creeks that
meander past deltaic islands, wildlife in abundance and
not a soul around, that was what Bhaitarkanika few years
ago.
• Few destinations in the world have so much to offer at
one point.
Widely acclaimed for its bio-diversity,
Bhaitarkanika stands as one of the few swamps having a
compact mangrove ecosystem in India. Bhaitarkanika
Mangrove Wetland is one of the most productive
ecosystems, endowed with a variety of habitats and
microhabitats to shelter wide ranging aquatic, terrestrial
and avifauna. It is a living laboratory for the scientists,
biologists pursuing studies as Biodiversity and human
values. It is also a perfect place for scientific research on
the endangered saltwater crocodiles and Olive Ridley sea
turtles.
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But this paradise on earth is threatened by visitors
coming here putting tremendous biotic pressure on
the potential mangrove forests. Construction made
for the tourists, the demand for other infrastructure
to bring more tourists continues to put tremendous
biotic pressure. In the encroached land, the tidal
creeks are being blocked by earthen bundhs (a type
of barrier) which prevents natural tidal flow and it
would gradually help to destroy the mangrove
vegetation from that area.
• Every tour to the nature, far from madding crowd has
been labeled as ecotourism which is the fastest growing
sector of the tourism industry, growing annually by 1015% worldwide (Miller 2007). Defined as the practice of lowimpact, educational, ecologically and culturally sensitive
travel that benefits local communities and the host
countries (Honey 1999).
• Unfortunately most of the ecotourism projects are not
meeting these standards. Despite guidelines, the local
people continue to face negative impacts. It is
unfortunate that Ecotourism operations mostly fail to
live up to conservation ideals.
It is sometimes
overlooked since it is a highly consumer-centered
activity and environmental conservation is a means to
further economic growth (Kamauro, O, 1996, Ecotourism: Suicide of Development ;
Voices from Africa # 6, Sustainable Development, UN News Service).
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• Ecotourism activities in it are issues in
environmental impacts, because they disturb
flora and fauna. Industrialization, urbanization
and unsustainable agriculture practices are
considered to be having serious effects on
environment.
While the term may sound
relatively benign, one of its most serious
impacts is its consumption of virgin territory.
• These invasions of tourists often include
deforestation, disruption of ecological life
systems and various forms of pollution all of
which contribute to environmental degradation.
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• It is often claimed that eco-tourism preserves and
enhances local culture. But it is always found that
with the establishment of protected areas, local
people have illegally been driven away from their
homes with little or no compensation.
Pushing
people to marginal lands with harsh climates, poor
soil, unfamiliar surroundings, lack of water and
infested with livestocks and disease, this does little
to enhance livelihoods even if a proportion of
ecotourism profits are directed back into the
communities.
• Besides, government regulatory agencies lack the
commitment and capability to enforce rules because
environmental protection methods are not properly
defined.
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• The governments with political parties at the helms of
affairs are susceptible to making decisions to spend
budget on politically beneficial but environmentally
unproductive. Some countries mostly the third world
countries embark on strategies to transform their last
‘unspoiled’ territories into tourism attractions.
• These countries risk their remaining patches of natural
forests knowing that it will be sacrificed for commercial
purposes. The marine, coastal and watershed areas would
get exposed and polluted, and by that the already
depleting biological resources, would be further
threatened. The studies show that when the tourists trail
on the same path over and over again, they trample the
vegetation and soil, eventually causing damage that can
lead to loss of bio-diversity and other impacts.
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In times of financial crisis, tourism growth is more than ever
considered as crucial to developing nation’s survival, while
environmental objectives are receding. Tourism is often seen
as the only industry apart from export generating revenue,
needed to pay back the huge foreign debts owed to IMF, the
World Bank, and other financial institutions.
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South-East Asian countries for economic recovery depend on
tourism to attract hard currency. Social investment projects are
diverted for tourism development. ‘The Nation’, a Bangkok
news daily on 7th April 1999 reported about how in 15,223
villages with more than 300,000 families were engaged in
producing medicinal herb planting and traditional Thai
medicine which raised the question of over supply to an
unpredictable demand.
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Such projects require more foreign loan which add to the woes.
It shows that economic benefits from tourism have been
overrated and there was no money left for the conservation of
natural and cultural heritage, and improvement of public
services.
• Desperation to make money destroys the very
social fabric of a society.
• Sex tourism in Thailand, Camel race in Middle
East, Beach boys in Srilanka and Poverty tourism
in Brazil, South Africa and India are definitely a
slur on humanity.
• Two very recent examples : Ever since the movie
‘Slumdog Millionaire’ won several Oscars, there
has been a stream of visitors to Dharavi, the
biggest slum of Asia in Mumbai. The deplorable
situation in which the people live there in abject
poverty is perhaps a cruel joke on them by the
people who pay to see someone in that condition.
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• The second example is more pathetic.
In
Andaman island, tour operators promise to give
some food to the Jarawa people whose number is
only 300 and who are on the verge of extinction
and force them to dance for the benefits of the
tourists. It is indeed a slur on civilization and
the worst form of abuse of human rights. This
has come to light only a week ago but this
practice has been going on for the last 15 years.
Several tour operators in Odisha and other parts
of India also do the same thing but in a more
reformed way.
• There is yet another horrifying aspect, which of
late has been lebelled as Sex tourism. A growing
horde of ‘sex tourists’ travel from country to
country in pursuit of easy prey.
• While Southeast Asia remains the hub of world
sex tourism, Central America raked by poverty
is rapidly accepting this form. In one of his
reports, W E Gutman, a senior journalist of BBC
has pointed out that Costa Rica is fast rising as
the hemispheric capital of sex tourism. It has
proved to be a rival to Thailand and the
Philippines as world’s leading sex tourism
destination.
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• It is shocking to note that possession of child
pornography for personal use is not considered a
crime. Sex tourism has become more lucrative in El
Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico. Several
countries have become preferred destinations for
sex tourists. These are Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, the
Dominican Republic, Kenya, the Philippines,
Columbia and Thailand.
• World Tourism Organisation defines ‘Sex tourism’ as
‘trips organised from within the tourism sector or
from outside this sector but using its structures and
networks with the primary purpose of effecting a
commercial sexual relationship by the tourists with
residents at the destination (WTO statement on the
Prevention of Organised Sex Tourism adopted by the
General Assembly of the World Tourism at its 11th
sess ion, Cairo,17-22, October 1995).
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Child sex tourism, despite being a crime in many countries has
become a multi-million dollar industry believed to involve as many
as 2 million children around the world. (Bagnal 2007) While it is
not possible to gauge the extent to which child sex tourism exists
in India, yet there are sufficient indicators that this form is on the
rise. There are reports of tourists moving from Goa to the areas of
north Karnataka like Gokarna and Karwar which have been
developed as tourist destinations. Foreign tourists have settled
permanently in the Om and Kudle beaches which have become
points, where the tourists are sexually exploiting the children.
Another two popular destinations which are fast emerging the
paedophile activity are Kovalam in Kerala and Mamallapuram in
Tamilnadu. The Sunday Times of India (Bangalore, August 26,
2001) reported news of an Australian jumping off the train on
being arrested. He was accused of sexually abusing children. The
report informed about the man to have abused 50 children in
coastal Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.
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• Apart from various media report of child sex
tourism rising, the Parliament (Lower House)
was also informed by the Minister of Women
and Child Development, Government of India
that Child sex tourism is prevalent in many
states of the country.
• The Minister in a written reply informed the
Parliament on November 23, 2007, that the
studies conducted by the National Human
Rights Commission (NHRC) and the National
Commission for Women (NCW) shows that in the
name of pilgrim, heritage and Coastal tourism,
sexual exploitation of children is quite
widespread. (PTI, November 23, 2007)
• Nearly 205 participants in the 3-day South-east Asia
Conference on Child Sex Tourism held from 18th -20th
March 2009 in Bali, Indonesia identified the current
challenges and a plan of action towards approaching
governments in member states from the Association of
Southeast Asian (ASEAN) region.
• The conference agreed that there has been an increasing
number of incidence and recognised the importance of
the regional and international cooperation to ensure
offenders to be brought to justice.
• The document, ‘Bali Commitment and Recommendation’
recognised that one of the most prominent challenges
facing child sex tourism in ASEAN region is poverty.
Other factors include limited access to education, gender
relation and weak law enforcement capacity. The
participants also felt that some stakeholders may not like
any restriction because it would affect the tourism
industry.
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• Two decades ago, a lot of people from gulf countries
were coming to India especially to Hyderabad to
marry. The intending grooms used to be relatively
old and after paying some money to the parents of
the girl, they used to marry much younger girls. On
their return to their own countries with the new
brides, they used to sell them to others. There had
been a lot of protest and the menace has come down
though no one can vouch that the practice has
already been stopped.
• The report published in The Deccan Herald, a
prominent English News daily from Bangalore on
18th January 2012 speaks about a proposed Code of
Conduct for service providers in the Tourism sector
by the Government of India. The report says that
the code of conduct is a virtual admission by the
government that the problem exists.
• The code of conduct for the service providers in tourism
sector for ‘Safe and Honourable Tourism’ has been
finalized after consulting all stake holders, including the
state governments.
• The code has been necessitated in the light of growth in
high spending foreign tourists and the world Travel and
tourism Council (WTTC)’s projection that India will be
among the nations having fastest growing tourism
industry over the next 10-15 years.
• The government move follows the 2008 World Congress
against sexual exploitation of children and adolescents
held in Rio, Brazil in which countries were asked to draft
special laws to prevent children from benign used in the
tourism industry.
• Whether one agrees or not, this form of ‘Dark Tourism’, if
at all it will have the nomenclature ‘tourism’, then this
form of tourism must be stopped at any cost and at all
cost.
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Has anybody ever given a thought to
the traumatic experience of a small
child , a boy or a girl after being
forced to be used sexually by another
person. The sex tourist considers it to
be his right for he pays money to buy
the body of that child for some
moments. But has anybody ever
thought as to what happens to her or
his mind when he or she is being
forced to act sexually without his or
her will.
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It is time now to think what has
happened to our values. Environment
pollution can be arrested. A tree
uprooted can be replanted but can the
scar on the child’s mind be done away
with. What would happen to that
society from where the teenaged girls
or boys are brought as consumable
goods. The behavioural changes, the
deep negative impacts, the trauma
and the confidence level of the
victims
must
be
addressed
to
properly. Then it can be bit nearer to
responsible tourism.
• When we talk of responsible tourism practices by
several agencies under various nomenclatures, we
try to forget that because of the eagerness for
earning few dollars tourism causes irreparable
damages even causing horrific climate change.
• The brightest example is the erosion of sea in many
places of India.
The senseless destruction of
mangroves along the Bay of Bengal in Odisha has
resulted complete wash away of a large village
Satabhaya in one of the coastal districts of Odisha,
India.
• The Super Cyclone of 1999 in Odisha that killed
more than 10,000 people officially though the
number stands at 50,000 on unofficial account was
the result of the destruction of mangrove forest
near the coast.
• There are several factors which are responsible for
climate change and global warming.
• The Holiday 2030 report prepared by Halifax Travel
Insurance, Bill McGuire, Benfield Professor of Geohazards and Director of the Benfield-UCL Hazard
Research Centre reveals that the global sea levels by
2030 could be 72 mm higher.
• The same report suggests that every one mm sea
level rise translates to 1.5 meter retreat of the
shoreline which means by 2030 shorelines could be
expected to have retreated at least by 108 mts.
This would wipe out beaches, across the globe and
coastal amenities such as hotels and golf-courses.
• The main impact of climate change on the beaches of India
will result from rising sea levels. Both Goa and Kerala
within the Indian Ocean’s cyclonic belt will be more
affected. It goes true for the beaches in eastern India too.
The shifting of plates in the Bay of Bengal caused
unprecedented tsunami havoc in India and Thailand
recently.
• Maldives is another small nation in the Indian Ocean which
fears complete elimination from the world map. This small
island nation comprising of 1200 islands attracts thousands
of tourists. Since the highest point of the country is only
three meters above the sea level, there is every possibility
that unless the issue is properly addressed to it will have
serious consequences.
• Rising sea level threatens the entire existence of Maldives.
It threatens the habitat of every human, plant, land and
animal there. Though human beings could be relocated to
their neighbouring countries yet preventing biodiversity and
species loss could be difficult.
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• Though these findings could slow down the global
tourism and a change in tour patterns, yet there are
measures which both the tourists and service
providers can take to mitigate some of the worst
climate change effects.
• Local and national governments will have to invest
for greater resources in water management such as
desalination, sea-defence, planting schemes to show
desertification and more rigorous building standards
to cope with high winds and greater rainfall.
• There is no denying of the fact that tourism has
been a rapidly growing phenomenon and its impact
is varied. On one hand it plays an important and a
positive role in the socio-economic development of
the destination country, while the other it has some
massive negative impact on environment, culture
and the life style of the people.
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It is thus necessary to work towards a more sustainable
tourism. In order to do that, tourism industry must engage
in promoting sustainability as mandatory for investors who
should strive to adopt environmentally sound technology
and other measures to minimize consumption of local
ground water.
There is also a need to use ecological materials and install
renewable sources of energy system in all new
constructions. Pollution of ground and coastal water must
be prevented. If necessary, legislation should be made for
tourism investors to invest in proper sewage treatment
facilities.
Appropriate waste disposal system and ways to separate
garbage into organic and non-organic waste should be
developed and organic waste can be composted and used in
farming. Sustainability can be ensured with participation of
local population hence investors must always take locals and
show respect to the traditional methods of conservation.
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In order to stop increasing cultural erosion and disrespect
the human rights, the tourism industry must promote
projects compatible with the cultural identity of the local
population’s way of life.
There should be defined code of conduct for the visitors to
follow while visiting area inhabited by local, ethnic people.
Establishing and developing tourist training programme
could be one way of managing code of conduct.
Tour providers must not promote child labor or prostitution.
Industry by itself must commit to a global campaign against
such violation of human rights.
Empowerment of residents at tourist destinations, through
local participation may be facilitated by providing written
and legally binding contracts between the local people and
tourism investors, so that in case of any violation action can
be initiated.
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• There is also a need for the collaboration of all stake
holders. Since consumer behavior in tourism is both a
product and cause of industrial and government policies,
a comprehensive approach is needed to solve the
problems associated with market-driven tourism.
• Tourism in order to become a sustainable industry,
countries, regions and individuals must work with new
technology, natural resource management and marketing
concepts.
• With the safeguard, little care, tourism can still remain
the largest industry contributing to the economy of a
country. It can flourish if adequate measures could be
taken
up
for
creating
right
environment
for
sustainability. Paradise is still not lost and every effort
must be made to conserve our paradise for the future
generation.