EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION SPONTANEOUS GENERATION & EARLY LIFE SPONTANEOUS GENERATION Definition: hypothesis stating that life could arise from nonliving matter Believed that nonliving matter contained a life-giving property called active principle that enabled it to produce living things all the time FRANCISCO REDI Noted that maggots had come from eggs laid by flies that had entered the open jars Provided evidence that life only comes from life—known as biogenesis JOHN NEEDHAM Disputed Redi’s experiment by boiling water to kill bacteria Broth eventually became clouded with bacteria Problem—broth not boiled long enough LAZZARO SPALLANZINI Broiled broth longer to kill all active bacteria Sealed flask remained free of bacteria Once open to air— bacteria grew LOUIS PASTEUR WHERE DID THE 1ST CELL COME FROM? Cell theory states—all cells come from preexisting cells The heterotrophic hypothesis was developed to explain how the 1st primitive life forms came into existence IMPORTANT TERMS Heterotrophs: organisms that must ingest preformed organic molecules Autotrophs: organisms that can manufacture their own food Aerobic Respiration: respiration requiring oxygen to produce energy Anaerobic Respiration: respiration that does not require oxygen to produce energy CONDITIONS OF EARLY EARTH Atmosphere: ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), water (H2O), and hydrogen (H2) Energy: lightning, UV light, x-rays Primitive Sea: a “hot, thin soup” composed of amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleotides EARLY ORGANISMS Organisms required to carry out anaerobic respiration due to the absence of O2 in atmosphere Organisms were heterotrophs because there was an absence of CO2 in the atmosphere to make their own food FORMATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Atmosphere is composed of inorganic compounds Energy—UV light, lightning, volcanic activity—broke the bonds of those gases creating the “hot, thin soup” of organic compounds ARRIVAL OF AUTOTROPHS Heterotrophs ingested components of the primitive seas, releasing CO2 into the atmosphere Autotrophs evolve as a result of the following: Food supply for heterotrophs decreased over time Both CO2 and H2O are available to carry out photosynthesis O2 became available, so aerobic organisms evolved as well