The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 1 : The Movement Begins (pgs. 622 – 629).
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Why is this man impt ?
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Who is this woman ?
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 1 : The Movement Begins
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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Supreme Court declares segregation constitutional ( legal).
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Laws that segregated African Americans .
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Jim Crow Laws
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African Americans had same rights ,but used
separate facilities that were “EQUAL “.
Segregated areas in buses,trains, parks, pools,
restaurants & other public facilities.
 Poorer quality than White facilities.
De facto Segregation

Segregation by custom or tradition, e.g. –
neighborhoods, dances churches restaurants &
other public facilities.
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 1 : The Movement Begins
Court Challenges
Since 1909, NAACP supported court decisions which
were intended to overturn segregation.
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Norris v Alabama
African-Americans can’t be excluded from juries ,
violated equal protection under the law.
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Morgan v Virginia
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Segregation on interstate buses was unconstitutional
Sweatt v Painter
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State law schools must admit qualified African-American
applicants, even if parallel black law schools exist.
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 1 : The Movement Begins
New Political Power

Before WW I , most African
Americans lived in the South

Great Migration – African
Americans moved to Northern
cities, were allowed to vote. The
Democratic party listened to their
concerns/issues and so African
Americans registered as Democrats.
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 1 : The Movement Begins
Push for Desegregation
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During WW II , African Americans began to
demand more rights,esp in the military.
CORE- Congress of Racial Equality
founded by James Farmer/George Houser.
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Began to use SIT-INS as form of protest.
Attempted to desegregate restaurants that
refused to serve African-Americans. Intended
to shame restaurant managers into allowing
African Americans to be served the same as
White customers.
REVIEW

Explain the relationship between 2 court cases
– Plessy v Ferguson & Brown v. Board of
Education

Explain the Great Migration – what happened to
the population in the South, in the North ?

Explain the difference between Jim Crow Laws
and De Facto Segregation, give an example of
each.
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 1 : The Movement Begins
Brown v. Board of Education .

Linda Brown – African American young girl denied
the right to attend her neighborhood school
in Topeka, Kansas.

Thurgood Marshall – NAACP attorney argued before
Supreme Court. for end of segregation in public schools.

Supreme Court unanimously ruled segregation
was unconstitutional & violated equal protection
clause of 14th amendment.
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 1 : The Movement Begins
Southern Resistance

Angered white Southerners who were determined to defend
segregation in spite of Supreme Court ruling.

Convinced many African- Americans that the time had come
to challenge segregation.

Term “ all deliberate speed”, did not give specific time frame,
vague enough to keep segregation going for many more years.

Southern Manifesto – encouraged white Southerners to use all
lawful means to reverse decision. Encouraged white
Southerners to defy Supreme Court
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 1 : The Movement Begins
Montgomery Bus Boycott

Boycott by African Americans of the bus system throughout
Montgomery Alabama. Response to Rosa Parks being arrested.

Start of new era in civil rights movement – organized protests, defying
laws that required segregation and demanded to be treated the same as
whites.
Led by 26 year old Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

•
Ph.D. in theology.
•
Followed teachings of
Indian leader Gandhi –
NONVIOLENCE
Read pg. 626
•
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJ1OO5iBWCQ
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 1 : The Movement Begins
African American Churches

Played critical role in the civil rights movement.

SCLC – Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
Led by African American ministers ( MLK) :
goal to eliminate segregation from American society
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Encourage African Americans to vote.
Challenged segregation at voting booths, public
transportation, housing and accommodations.
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 1 : The Movement Begins
Little Rock Arkansas

Court order requiring 9 African-American
students to be admitted to all white Central H. S.

Gov. Orval Faubus, 
Was seeking re election. Although a moderate on racial issues,
he wanted to win the support of White voters.

Ordered troops form AK National Guard to prevent African
American students from entering school to register.

Ordered to remove the troops, he left the school to the mobs
of angry protesters who vandalized the school and scared
students.
Eisenhower sends federal troops in to protect students.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xERXusiEszs
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 1 : The Movement Begins
Civil Rights Act of 1957


Protect voting rights of
African-Americans
SCLC began campaign to register 2 million new
African American voters primarily in the South
Write a 3 paragraph essay summarizing the article on
Patricia Stephens Due
 Minimum 5 sentences per paragraph
 Include 6 examples of Ms. Due’s participation in
the Civil Rights movement
 Include 2 examples of personal sacrifices
Ms. Due endured
 Will be graded according to PSSA Rubric
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Style
Content
Focus
Organization
Conventions
Civil Rights Timeline –
mark date, draw a sketch of event
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Dwight Eisenhower elected President
CORE founded
Rosa Parks arrested
Brown V Board of Educ.
Southern Manifesto signed
Montgomery Boycott began
Supreme Court declares Alabama laws requiring segregation
on buses unconstituional
SCLC formed
9 African-American students given right to be admitted to high
school in Little Rock AK.
Civil Rights Act of 1957 – protect voting rights of AfricanAmericans
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 2 : Challenging Segregation
The Sit –in Movement

Read pg. 630, answer DBQ pg. 631, (hand in ) .

Greensboro, N.C. – Woolworth’s Dept. Store 1st sit-in

Sit-in movement brought large numbers of idealistic,
energized college students into the civil rights movement

SNCC – Student Non Violent Coordinating Committee
 organized by students
 played key role in desegregating public facilities in South
 registered African Americans to vote in Deep South
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 2 : Challenging Segregation
The Sit –in Movement


Fanny Lou Hammer – African American sharecropper
beaten, sent to jail, evicted from her farm – all for
registering to vote, urging others to register to vote.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xbbcjn4d1cE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OT9gILd
TaWo
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 2 : Challenging Segregation
The Freedom-Riders
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Bus travel in South was still segregated although courts
had outlawed segregation.
Freedom Riders – groups of white/African
American college student volunteers
took a bus trip to protest this practice.
Eugene “Bull” Connor –
Birmingham , AL public official,
did not protect civil rights
protesters from being beaten..
(Mother’s Day)

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 2 : Challenging Segregation
Kennedy’s Response

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Forbids federal government from discriminating
against African-Americans in hiring &
promotions.
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) tightened laws against segregated
bus terminals.
James Meredith – pg. 634

African-American Air Force veteran applied
to Univ. of Mississippi (Ole Miss)
Attended classes under eye of federal soldiers
until graduation
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 2 : Challenging Segregation
Violence in Birmingham

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MLK decides that more demonstrations are
needed to get Pres. Kennedy to become more
active in supporting civil rights.
MLK stages protests in Birmingham AL.
“Bull” Connor was now running for mayor.
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King gets arrested, - writes Letter from Birmingham
while in jail.(pg. 635)
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King released, protests started up again. Bull
Connor responds with force, used dogs. High
pressure hoses and clubs on protesters.
Pg. 639 – 1-6
Homework
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 2 : Challenging Segregation
Civil Rights Act of 1964


George Wallace – governor of Alabama,
blocked entrance to Univ. of Alabama from 2
African American students entering.

Medgar Evers – African American
activist from Mississippi
murdered.
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Kennedy addresses
nation – pg. 636
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 2 : Challenging Segregation
March on Washington

200,000 people demonstrate for civil rights in
Wash. D.C. in Aug. , 1963.
Gathered at Lincoln Memorial to hear
MLK give “ I Have a Dream” speech.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=smEqn
nklfYs
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 2 : Challenging Segregation
Bill Becomes Law

President and some members of Congress trying
to get civil rights passed.

Some Congressional members tried to
block passage of bill.
Filibuster – fill in definition, pg 636
Cloture – fill in definition, pg. 636
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Kennedy is assassinated.
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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 2 : Challenging Segregation
Bill Becomes Law

Lyndon Johnson becomes president, is able
to convince Congress to pass Civil Rights
Bill of 1964
Civil Rights Bill of 1964 – broad powers given to federal
government to prevent racial discrimination. :
Equal access to all public facilities.
Established EEOC
Segregation illegal in most places of
public accommodations.
Gave U.S. attorney general more
power to bring lawsuits to force school
desegregation.
Required private employers to end
discrimination in workplace.
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 2 : Challenging Segregation
16th Avenue Baptist Church bombings.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMuWDsv5pg
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 2 : Challenging Segregation
Struggle for Voting Rights
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Selma March - MLK selects Selma AL as focal point for
voting rights of African –Americans(majority of city
population, only 3% registered to vote)
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Sheriff Jim Clark – used clubs ,
electric cattle prods and fear to
terrorize blacks
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12/1964 – MLK is awarded
Nobel Peace Prize for his work
in civil rights movement.
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 2 : Challenging Segregation
Struggle for Voting Rights

BLOODY SUNDAY - March 7, 1965, Civil Rights
protesters walking from Selma to Birmingham. As
they crossed a bridge, they were met by 200 state
troopers & deputized citizens.

As marchers were kneeling in prayer, they were
savagely beat. 70 hospitalized, many more
injured.
http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=s00-OoZAWno
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 2 : Challenging Segregation
Struggle for Voting Rights

Voting Rights Act of 1965 – authorized U.S.
Attorney General to get involved in voting
practices at state level to make sure all AfricanAmericans were able to register to vote.
Pg. 641
Answer DBQ :
#1(Primary Source 1) , and #4( Primary Source 4)
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 3 : New Civil Rights Issues
Urban Problems - prejudice continues.
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1965 –
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70 % of African-Americans lived
in big cities
15% held “white collar jobs.
Avg. income 55% of avg. White family
Unemployment 2x that of Whites
Rise in juvenile delinquency, crime.
African-Americans began to get angry and
frustrated that the civil rights movement
had not taken care of their everyday problems.
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 3 :Urban Problems
Watts Riots Rights
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African-American neighborhood in Los
Angeles.
Lasted 6 days, 14,000 National Guard,
1,500 law enforcement officers.
$45 million in property damage
34 people killed, many injured.

More rioting in other cities
like Detroit.
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Pg. 643 – cartoon
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 3 : New Civil Rights Issues
Urban Problems - prejudice continues.
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Kerner Commission 
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Committee that studied cause of urban
riots and made recommendations to
prevent reoccurrence of rioting.
Blamed concept of racism for most of
inner city problems.
Made many recommendations which
could not be put into place because
spending for Vietnam War cut into
funding.
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 3 : New Civil Rights Issues
Urban Problems - prejudice continues.

Chicago Movement 
MLK called attention to deplorable
housing condition of many inner city
residents by moving into a slum
apartment.


MLK led a march in an all –White
suburb, met by angry mobs.
Mayor Richard Daley prevented
violence by protecting marchers.
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 3 : New Civil Rights Issues
Black Power


After 1965, many African-Americans tired
of MLK’s nonviolent measures.
Black Power - the idea that AfricanAmericans should control the social,
political & economic direction of
their struggle.
Stokely Carmichael –
leader of SNCC, in favor
of Black Power.
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 3 : New Civil Rights Issues
Black Power

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Idea popular in poor African
American neighborhoods
Showed pride in racial heritage
through ethnic clothing, Afro
hairstyles, African based names,
African studies.
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 3 : New Civil Rights Issues
MALCOLM X

Leader of Nation of Islam (
read pg. 645 – TOM aloud ! )

Black Muslims believed AfricanAmericans should separate
themselves from White society and
form their own self-governing
communities. sufficient..

Black Muslims viewed themselves as
their own nation, very- self
sufficient. Did NOT advocate
violence, but advocated self-defense.
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 3 : New Civil Rights Issues
MALCOLM X

1964 – breaks away from
Nation of Islam after visiting
Mecca.

Continued to criticize National of
Islam, because he now believed an
integrated society was possible.
1965 -murdered by organization members.

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His ideas influenced a new generation
of militant African American leaders.
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 3 : New Civil Rights Issues
Black Panthers

Believed a revolution was
necessary in the U.S.

Urged African Americans to arm
themselves and force Whites to grant
them equal rights.

Eldridge Cleaver – served as minister of
culture, wrote best selling book - Soul on Ice.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uqhv1g0
sIpY&feature=related
The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968
Section 3 : New Civil Rights Issues
King is Assassinated

Civil Rights movement fragmented.
Calls for violence by Black Panthers eroded white support

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March , 1968 MLK went to Memphis , TN to
support striking sanitation workers

April 3, 1968 - Gives famous speech “I’ve been
to the mountaintop
video

April 4,1964 – killed by a sniper on his hotel balcony.
His death marked end of era in American history. April
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmOBbx
gxKvo