Lab 10: Reproductive System
Endocrine Review
• What is the structure that transports
hormones from the hypothalamus to the
posterior pituitary gland?
• What is the function of parathyroid
hormone?
Digestive Review
• What 2 structures are linked by the
esophagus?
• Name two specialized structures in the
digestive tract that increase the surface area
available for reabsorption.
Announcements
• Next week- Final Lab Practical Review
• Lab Reports Due Today
• Final Lab Practical regular lab time two
weeks from today.
Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction
• What is sexual reproduction?
• Compared to asexual reproduction
– Advantages
– Disadvantages
Chromosomes and “n”
• What is “n”?
– Number of copies of each chromosome
• Difference between “n” and chromosome
number.
– Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
– Humans are 2n
– Humans have a total of 46 chromosomes
Gametes and Zygotes
• Gametes
– 1N sex cells
– Product of meiosis
• Zygote
– 2N fusion of gametes
– Product of fertilization
Meiosis vs Mitosis
• Meiosis
– Reduction division
– Sexual division and formation of gametes
• Mitosis
– Somatic cell division
– Chromosome “n” number same in starting cell
and end products
Sex organs and characteristics
• Primary Sex Organs
• Secondary Sex Organs
• Secondary Sex Characteristics
Overview- Male Reproductive
Anatomy
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Testis
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Prostate Gland
Seminal Vesicle
Bulbourethral Gland
Penis
Urethra
Glans Penis
Male Reproductive System
Scrotum
• Testis
– Produce Sperm
• Epididymis
– Stores Sperm and allows to
mature
• Vas deferens
– Connects epididymis to the
seminal vessicles
– Smooth muscles transport sperm
to pelvic cavity
Semen
• Semen: fluid ejaculated by the male
• Components:
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Sperm: 10% of semen
Prostrate Gland: 30% of semen
Seminal vesicle: 60% of semen
Secretions from the Bulbourethral gland
• Secretes fluid that lubricates tip of penis
• Neutralizes acid pH from urine
Penis
• Penis
– Delivers semen to the vagina
• Urethra
– Tube that delivers semen out
of body
– What other system is this a
part of???
• Glans penis
– Swollen head of the penis
Erection
• Cause
– Increase Blood Flow / Vasodilation
• Activator
– Sexual simulation
– Nitric Oxide stimulates vasodilation
Overview- Female Reproductive
System
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Ovary
Fimbriae
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Female Reproductive System
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Ovary
Egg development and Transport
• Ovary
– Female gonads produce eggs
• Fimbriae
– Feathery projections connect ovary to the
uterine tube
• Uterine Tube
– Delivers egg to the uterus
Uterus
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Thick muscular chamber
Fertilized egg will attach to wall
Harbors embryo
Provides nutrition to embryo
Expels fetus
3 layers: perimetrium, myometrium and
endometrium
Birth Canal
• Cervix
– Cylindrical inferior
end of Uterus
• Vagina
– Birth Canal
– Receptor for the
penis
Dynamic Human CD
Anatomy
Spermatogenesis
• Primordial Germ Cell
Mitosis
• Type A and Type B spermatogonium
• Type A retained
• Type B passes over blood-testis barrier and
becomes Primary spermatocyte
Spermatogenesis
• Primary spermatocyte
Meiosis I
• Secondary spermatocyte
Meiosis II
• Spermatids
Spermatogenesis
• Spermatozoa
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
• One cell type (Primary oocyte) 2n
• Meiosis first division
– Secondary Oocyte (1n)
– Polar body 1n (Degrades)
Secondary Oocyte
• No fertilization
– Gets half way through meiosis 2 and dies
• Fertilization
– Meiosis second division completes
– Egg 1n (to be fertilized)
– Polar body 1n (Degrades)
Oogenesis
Summary of Gamete Formation
• Spermatogenesis
– 1 primary spermatocyte produces 4
spermatozoa
• Oogenesis
– 1 primary oocyte produces 1 egg and two lost
polar bodies
Dynamic Human CD
Spermatogenesis
and
Oogenesis
Ovarian Cycle (Egg maturation)
• Follicular
– Lasts about 14 days
– First 3-5 days  menstruation
– Developing oocytes held in follicle, polar bodies die
• Ovulation
– Day 14
– Oocyte released from follicle
• Luteal
– About 14 days
– Oocyte held in corpus luteum
Ovarian Cycle
Menstrual Cycle
• Proliferative
– Rebuilding of endometrial tissue by mitosis
• Secretory
– Thickening of endometrial tissue caused by secretion of
nutrient-rich fluid
• Menstration
– Blood, serous fluid and tissue discharge
Menstrual Cycle
Breast Cancer
• Cancer of the lymphatic vessels of the breast
• Caused by:
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Excess weight
Smoking
Alcohol
Heredity
• Treatment
– Lumpectomy
– Partial mastectomy
– Total mastectomy
Circumcision
• Prepuce is removed from Glans penis
• Done for hygienic reasons
• Largely deemed unnecessary today
– Although???
Sterilization
Males
• Vasectomy
– Vas deferens severed
Females
• Tubal ligation
– Division of uterine
tubes
Cat dissection
• Sex the cat
• Female
– Ovary
– Uterine horns
– Body of uterus
Male
– Scrotum
– Testes
– Carefully remove the
connective tissue
surrounding the testes
epididymis
 vas deferens
- Penis
Review
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Reproductive anatomy
Meiosis and Gamete formation
Identification of anatomy of cats
Lab Practical Review Next Week during
normal lab time.
• Final Lab Practice two weeks from today