10th American History
Unit II- Becoming a World Power
Political, Foreign, Economics and Cultural
Highlights.
William McKinley (Republican)
 1897-1901 25nd President
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Election of 1896
 Free Silver- Major issue
 Democratic-Populist Candidate- William Jennings
Bryant v. McKinley (Republican)
William Jennings Bryant
 Single issue- Free Silver
 Excellent orator- “Cross of Gold Speech”
 Appealed to Westerns but not labor or city people
 Would run for President twice more- never wins.
McKinley
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Very few Speeches- in favor of “Sound Money”
Carried the Urban-Industrial states
Would be assassinated.
Leon Czolgosz - Assassin
•Leon Czolgosz, (pronounced SHOLGUS),the son of Polish-Russian immigrants, was born in
Detroit, Michigan, in 1873
•In 1901, Czolgosz moved to Buffalo, New York, site of the Pan American Exposition. There,
in a receiving line on September 6, he shot President McKinley two times. Although
surrounded by fifty bodyguards, Czolgosz was able to walk up to McKinley and fire two shots
at him. Hit in the chest and abdomen, McKinley shouted out "Be easy with him, boys" as
secret service agents beat Czolgosz with fists and pistol butts.
•Czolgosz--who gave his name to police as Fred Nieman, or Fred Nobody--later stated in
reference to his decision to assassinate McKinley, "I didn't believe one man should have so
much service, and another man have none." After a brief trial, Czolgosz was convicted. He
was executed on October 29, 1901. Before being executed on 20th October, 1901, Czolgosz
remarked that: "I killed the President because he was the enemy of the good people - the
good working people. I am not sorry for my crime."
Theodore Roosevelt
 1901-1909-
26th President
(Republican)
 McKinley’s Death
 Rough Riders and San Juan
Hill
 Square Deal
 Food and Drug Act 1906
 Newlands Reclamation Act
1902
Theodore Roosevelt
William Howard Taft
 1909-1913- 27th President (Republican)
 Election of 1912
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Taft- 45 indictments against trusts; civil
service jobs; million acres to national
reserves; protected mineral rights;
postal saving banks, 2 new states, 16th
amendment (income tax); Dept. of
Commerce and Dept. of Labor.
Roosevelt- Good and bad trusts,
Issues, Progressives (Bull Moose) and
New Nationalism
Wilson- Issues and New Freedom
Debs- Socialist
Outcome of Election
Woodrow Wilson
1913-1921- 28th
President (Democrat)
 Leadership
 Federal Reserve Act
1913
 Clayton Anti-Trust Act
1914
 Federal Trade
Commission Act 1914
 World War I
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President Warren G. Harding
 29th President 1921-1923 - Republican
 Post WW I Fears and Headaches- bombs,
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Return to “Normalcy”
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Bolsheviks (Red Scare), riots and labor strikes.
Foreign Affairs
 No League of Nations
 Washington Conference- Five Power
Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, and Four Power
Treaty- Disarmament
Domestic Affairs- Return to Normalcy
Harding Scandals - The “Ohio Gang”
 Charles Forbes- Head of Veterans Bureau
 Jesse Smith- Aide in Justice Department
 Thomas Miller- Alien Property Custodian
 Albert Fall- Sec. of the Interior and
“Teapot Dome”
Death of Harding- sudden death while still
president
President Calvin Coolidge
 30th President - 1923-1929 Republican
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Government and Business- Freedom of business
from governmental rules and regulations. “Laissezfaire”. Large businesses were allowed to be created.
Country prospered and the Supreme Court favored
business over labor.
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“The man who builds a factory, builds a temple
and the man who works there, worships there.”
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Farm Problem- “Farmers have never made
money,” he said,”I don’t believe we can do much
about it.”
“Silent Cal” “The business of America is business”
Imperialism
 Economic reasons- international trade and
need for raw materials from Asia, Africa and
Latin America
 Military reasons- to defend their shores and
protect their trade interests
 Ideology
 1- Nationalism- enhancing a nation’s power
and prestige.
 2- Cultural superiority- Social Darwinists
believed in this. Social responsibility to
“civilize” less developed countries.
Imperialism
 Manifest Destiny- expand westward to the Pacific,
and beyond the shoreline
 Hawaii- trade, sugar, bayonet constitution and
annexation
 China- trade, Treaty of Wanghia 1844- gave U.S.
most favored nation status, Sphere’s of Influence,
Open-Door Policy and Boxer Rebellion
 Japan- trade, Commodore Matthew Perry, and the
Treaty of Kanagawa.
Spanish American War
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Cuban Unrest
Yellow Journalism
Reasons Maine Explosion- “Remember the Maine”
 De Lome Letter
 U.S. Sugar interests
 U.S. sympathy to the rebel cause and the evil Spanish
 Jingoes (Hawks) and the pressure on President McKinley
Outcome
 Teller Amendment on Cuban Independence and Rough Riders and San Juan Hill
 U.S. receives Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines in exchange it gives Spain $20
million.
 U.S. now has over seas territories, bases for trade and navy.
 Annexation of Philippines and three years of revolution. (Independence in 1946)
 Anti-Imperialist League 1898- imperialism is a violation of the foundation of American
self government.
 Platt Amendment- Cuba (Guantanamo, Protectorate); Foraker Act 1900- Puerto Rico.
T.R. Roosevelt, Taft and
Wilson
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Roosevelt and Latin America
 Walk softly and carry a big stick
 Great White fleet
 Helping Panama to get independence
 Building the Panama Canal
 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy
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Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy
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Rejection of dollar diplomacy
Use of persuasion and American ideals to advance the nation’s interest abroad.
Wilson and the Mexican Revolution
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Promoting American interests in other countries
Using economic power to achieve American policy goals.
President Wilson would not recognize the de facto government of Gen. Huerta
Wilson used armed force against Mexico in Veracruz and against Poncho Villa
Rise of tariffs
U.S. and the Panama
Canal
 U.S. interest in the Canal
 Offering Columbia $10 million and $250,000
annually. Rejected
 Panama’s revolution against Columbia
 Building the Canal
World War I
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“M.A.I.N.E.”- European causes for the war.
U.S. neutrality
Reasons for the U.S. entrance into the war.
America in World War I
America in Post World War I
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Wilson’s fourteen points
Treaty of Versailles
League of Nations
 Impact of World War I
st
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Red Scare
 Communist revolution in Russia- 1917 and the rise of
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the Bolsheviks
Fear of the “Reds”- communists who promoted the
violent overthrow of the U.S. government.
U.S. Communist parties formed
Bombings- through the mail.
Palmer raids – deportation and incarceration.
Lingering Effects of World
War I
 War Debts owed to the U.S.
$10 Billion owed by Allies to U.S.
 Fordney-McCumber Tariff made repayment hard.
 Reparation payments by Germany
 Washington Naval Conference- 4 Power, 5 Power and 9 Power
treaties.
 Agreement to cut back on size of navies
 Avoid competition for China
 Ending the Arms Race and establishing Peace?
 Kellogg-Briand Pact- high ideals- Peace signed by 60 nations. But
no system of enforcement, just a promise.
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Progressivism
 Square Deal and Theodore Roosevelt
 Regulating Big Business- Sherman Anti-Trust
and Trust Busting
 16th Amendment - 1913
 Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff- supposed to
lower tariffs actually raised them
 Wilson’s New Freedom
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Tariff reform
Banking reform- Federal Reserve System
Anti-Trust Laws- Clayton Anti-Trust Act
What is the Federal Reserve? It manages the countries money system; regulates the
banking system; is a bankers bank; and is the government’s bank.
Imperialism
 Why? Economic, Military and Ideology
 Manifest Destiny
 Hawaii- trade, sugar, bayonet constitution and
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annexation
China- trade, Treaty of Wanghia 1844- gave U.S. most
favored nation status, Sphere’s of Influence, OpenDoor Policy and Boxer Rebellion
Japan- trade, Commodore Matthew Perry, and the
Treaty of Kanagawa.
Spanish American War- Cuba, Philippines, Guam and
Puerto Rico.
Panama Canal
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy
World War I
 Financial ties to the Allies
 Unrestricted submarine warfare
 Homefront
 Mobilizing the economy- industry, food, fuel and
supplies
 Mobilizing workers- National War Labor
Board, Women,
 Paying for the War- Taxes and Liberty Bonds
(war bonds)
 Economic Impact on US and the World
Post World War I
 Labor Strife- difficulties, labor losses and major
strikes.
 New Economic Era
 Henry Ford, the Assembly line and worker pay.
 The effect on industry: competition, productivity,
and welfare capitalism.
 The New Consume: new products, advertising and
demand, installment paying and credit.
 Weaknesses: many Americans were suffering after
WWI- farmers, overproduction, low prices, farm
failures, insects, floods, hurricane, etc, brought
economic depression to many parts of the nation.
Harding and Coolidge
 Harding
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Cut federal budget and reduced taxes on wealthy (trickle down).
Fordney-McCumber Tariff- high tariff, foreign products went up,
American prices went up- hurt farmers and Europeans.
Teapot Dome Scandal- Bribes from Oil companies to drill for oil
in federal oil reserve.
 Coolidge
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“Business of America is business”
Business would help America grow, promote the arts and sciences
and fund the charities.
Limited role of government in business.
Lowered taxes and reduced the budget.
Weakened federal regulations on business.
 War Debt- Europe owed the U.S. over $10 billion, but too war torn
and tariffs to high, force Germany to pay more reparations. U.S.
become world’s banker.
1920’s
 The role of women- work outside the home during WWI.
Economic boom of the 20’s provided jobs for women.
 Urbanization
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Hard times in agriculture saw people move to cities to get work.
Rise of the automobile
Increase in eduation
Industrial growth means rise in earnings
 Gross Domestic Product- between 1922-1928 grew 30%
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Growth of the automobile industry
Corporate profits up, unemployment down, welfare capitalism,
and the ability to purchase new products and services
Stock Market expansionFalse Sense of Security
1920’s
 Weaknesses
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Wealth Distribution
Credit on the Stock Market- buying on margin
Federal Reserve System
 Stock Market Crash
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Black Thursday, Black Monday, Black Tuesday
GDP dropped almost in 1/2
Effects of the crash- Individuals, Banks (over
5,000 closed), Business and World Economy.
Immigration History 1800-1910
 New Immigrants
 Old Immigrants- 1800-1880- Northern and
Western Europe
 New Immigrants- 1880-1910- Southern and
Eastern Europe as well as Japanese and Chinese.
 Why did they come?- Economic, Political and
Religious.
 Ellis Island and Angel Island.
 Prejudice against immigrants
Urban American Life
 Different Classes- Wealthy, middle class and
working class.
 Tenements and Settlement Houses
Political Scandal and Reform
 City Government- Scandal and Reform
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Political Machines and Machine Bosses
Tammany Hall in New York- Boss Tweed
Credit Mobilier Scandal and President Grant
President Arthur and Civil Service Reform
Farmer’s Reform Movement
 Late 1800’s crop prices falling, farm debt rising, costs
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rising; a need for farmers to organize.
Order of the Patron’s of Husbandry- National Grange
1887- Interstate Commerce Act.
Populist Party- coalition of farmers, labor leaders and
reformers.
Silver v. Gold issue
Segregation and Discrimination
 Jim Crow Laws and Lynching
 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) = separate but equal.
 Booker T. Washington
 W.E.B. Du Bois and the N.A.A.C.P.
 Other groups who face discrimination
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1) Hispanic Americans
2) Asian Americans
3) Native Americans
Progressivism
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Reforming Society
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Progressives- reform movement
Muckrakers
Housing reforms
Civil rights
Workplace
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National Child Labor
Limiting women’s workday
Minimum Wage laws.
Courts and Labor Laws
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1905 - “Lochner v. New York”- supreme court did not allow 10 hour workday for bakers
1908 - “Muller v. Oregon”- Supreme Court upheld law guaranting 10 hour workday for women.
“Bunting v. Oregon”- 10 hour workday for men in mills and factories.
The Triangle Shirtwaist fire
Unions- Industrial Workers of the World- unskilled
Reforming Government
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City government- Commision system, Council-Manager system.
State Government- Electoral reforms, commissions on railroads, utilities, transportation,
civil service and taxation
17th Amendment- direct election of Senators.
Initiative, Referendom and \Recall.
Opportunities for Women
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Education
Employment
Children’s Health and Welfare
Prohibition
 WCTU- Women’s Christian Temperance Union.
 Carrie Nation
 18th Amendment
 18th Amendment- Prohibition
 Civil Rights- campaigning against poverty, segregation, lynchings
and Jim Crowe Laws
 Women’s Suffrage and Anti-Suffrage arguments
Reform- Late 1800’s and early
1900’s
 Children’s health and welfare
 Prohibition
 Civil Rights and black women
 Women’s Suffrage
 Trust Busting and regulating big business
 Consumer Protection
 Environmental conservation
 19th Amendment- 1920
 Civil Rights under Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson- Brownsville
Incident.
Imperialism
 Cultural superiority over the under-developed
(backward) nations.
 Social Darwinism- brother’s keeper, social
responsibility to “civilize” the less developed.
 Desire to bring Christianity, western style
culture and democracy to other (backward)
peoples.
T.R. Roosevelt’s Square Deal
 Coal Strike of 1902 and TR threatens to send in the
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troops
Each person to get a square deal no more, no less.
Limiting power of trusts, promote public health and
safety and improve working conditions.
Trust Busting and Regulating the Railroads.
Protecting Consumers- Muckrakers, Meat Inspection
Act, and Pure Food and Drug Act.
Environmental Conservation
Presidents’ Taft and Wilson
 William H. Taft
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Created Dept. of Labor
16th Amendment- Income Tax
 Wilson- New Freedom
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Tariff, Banking, and Anti-Trust Reform
Women Gain the right to vote- 19th Amendment
Imperialism
 Hawaii
Sugar interests- Sanford B. Dole
 Bayonet constitution
 King Kalakaua and Queen Liliuokalani
 Annexation
 Spanish-American War
 Yellow Journalism
 Jingoism
 Philippines, annexation and rebellion
 Roosevelt and Rough Riders
 Anti-Imperialists
 Spanish-American War
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Homefront in World War I
 Mobilizing the Economy
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Regulating Industry
Regulating Food
Regulating Fuel
Supplying the troops
 Mobilizing Workers
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National War Labor Board
Women’s war efforts
African American movement and employment
Influenza Epidemic (Pandemic)
Winning American support
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Committee on Public Information
Propaganda
Anti-German Feeling and American Patriotism
Limiting Antiwar Speech
Schenck v. United States (1919)- Supreme court limits freedom of speech.
Post War Havoc
 1918-1919 Pandemic- world wide influenza
epidemic- killed 10 times more Americans than
did WWI.
 1st Red Scare- rise of Bolsheviks, communism,
fear, bombs, Palmer raids and deportation.
 Labor Problems- Workers unhappy after
WWI, Unions lost members and political
power, and there were major strikes.
Limiting Immigration
 Competition for jobs after WWI, and the Red scare
caused anti-immigration feelings.
 Nativists- mostly Protestant Christians and Labor
leaders targeted new immigrants and asked for
immigration restrictions.
 Immigration control- National Origins Act, Nativism,
KKK revival (native white supremacy)
 Sacco and Vanzetti- Italian immigrants, anarchists,
tried for murder or political ideas?
New Economic Era- 1920’s
 Henry Ford- revolutionizes industry
 Assembly line
 Effect on Industry
 competition helped the automobile industry grow.
 Other industries learned- assembly line, productivity went
up.
 Welfare Capitalism- companies provide benefits to
employees to promote worker satisfaction and loyalty.
 Effect on Society
 Demand is up for all types of products.
 Boom in midwestern cities
 Cities grew and so did suburbs- transportation
 Tourist industry grew.
New Economic Era- 1920’s
 New Consumer-
New Products for the home
 Electricity
 Radio connected the world
 Public transportation, and passenger airlines.
 Advertising created a deman
 New ways of paying- credit and installment buying.
 Weakness of Economy
 Many American suffered during the 20’s
 Farmers- demand was low, competition from Europe high, farm
failures, debt, tariff, and nature- weather and insects.
 The Nation desires to return to Normalcy
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American Life Changes- 1920’s
 New Roles for Women
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Opportunities
New Family Roles
The Flapper
 Effects of Urbanization
 Conflicts over Values
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Fundamentalism
Scopes Trial- Teaching of Evolution and Creation Science- Bryan and Darrow
Prohibition- 18th Amendment
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Organized crime- like Al Capone
Bootleggers
Speakeasies
 Harlem Renaissance
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African Americans during and after WWI
W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey
Renaissance of art in Harlem- writer, poets, artists, musicians and performers.
A New Popular Culture is born- 1920’s
 Mass Entertainment
 Radio
 Movies
 Era of Heroes
 Film Stars- Charlie Chaplin, Rudolph Valentino, Clara Bow,
Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks.
 Charles A. Lindbergh- transatlantic flight.
 Amelia Earhart- 1st women across the Atlantic, was lost
trying to fly around the world.
 Sports Heroes- Ruth, Grange, Wills, Jones, etc.
 Arts of the 1920’s- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis,
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Hemmingway, George
Gershwin (music)