ETISplus ∙ Waterborne Transport Data Workshop ∙ Brussels ∙ May 12th, 2011.
SOME DATA NECESSARY
FOR THE WATERBORNE TRANSPORT
ENGINEERING STUDIES
Igor Bačkalov
Department of Naval Architecture
University of Belgrade – Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Department of Naval Architecture – University of Belgrade (UB-FME)
FIELD OF RESEARCH
•
technology development leading to increased safety, energy-efficiency and environmental-friendliness
of seagoing ships and inland vessels.
EXPERTISE
•
hydrodynamics, high-speed craft
•
ship dynamics, seakeeping
•
ship strength, FEM
•
hull and shafting vibrations
•
feasibility studies
•
navigation in shallow and restricted waterways
•
design of seagoing and inland vessels in general
MILESTONES
•
introduction of pushboat technology on the Danube;
•
design of dredgers, floating cranes, pushboats and self-propelled vessels;
•
development of the Danube container vessel and IWT Ro-Ro technology;
•
development of risk-based ship stability regulations.
SOME DATA NECESSARY FOR THE WATERBORNE TRANSPORT ENGINEERING STUDIES ∙ ETISPLUS ∙ BRUSSELS, 12th MAY 2011
Some Data Necessary for the Waterborne Transport Engineering Studies
INTRODUCTION
WATERWAY CHARACTERISTICS
RULES AND REGULATIONS
DUES AND CHARGES
ACCIDENTS
CONCLUDING REMARKS
SOME DATA NECESSARY FOR THE WATERBORNE TRANSPORT ENGINEERING STUDIES ∙ ETISPLUS ∙ BRUSSELS, 12th MAY 2011
INTRODUCTION
Waterborne transport engineering studies:
•
traffic engineering / logistics;
•
civil engineering / hydraulics;
•
naval architecture / ship design;
Why not “SOME DATA NECESSARY FOR THE SHIP DESIGN STUDIES”?
SOME DATA NECESSARY FOR THE WATERBORNE TRANSPORT ENGINEERING STUDIES ∙ ETISPLUS ∙ BRUSSELS, 12th MAY 2011
INTRODUCTION
“Ships are to be designed and constructed for a specified
design life to be safe and environmentally friendly, when
properly operated and maintained under the specified
operating and environmental conditions, in intact and specified
damage conditions, throughout their life.”
(GBS Development Tier I: Goals)
Ship design and construction:
•
adequate strength and stability;
•
construction materials: environmentally acceptable dismantling /recycling;
•
ship structure arrangement: safe access, escape, inspection, maintenance;
•
…
SOME DATA NECESSARY FOR THE WATERBORNE TRANSPORT ENGINEERING STUDIES ∙ ETISPLUS ∙ BRUSSELS, 12th MAY 2011
INTRODUCTION
•
•
•
Ship designer tasks:
–
safety and environmental-friendliness;
–
economy and efficiency.
The knowledge and understanding of:
–
waterway characteristics;
–
rules and regulations guiding the design process;
–
port dues and charges and canal fees;
–
typical hazards.
Application in the preliminary design stage
SOME DATA NECESSARY FOR THE WATERBORNE TRANSPORT ENGINEERING STUDIES ∙ ETISPLUS ∙ BRUSSELS, 12th MAY 2011
WATERWAY CHARACTERISTICS
Inland waterway transport
•
Waterway depth / water levels;
•
Locks;
•
Bridges;
•
Canals, etc.
Maritime transport
•
Wave climate;
•
Wind climate;
•
Icing conditions;
•
Waterway depth / shallow-water areas, etc.
Combined (sea-river) navigation
•
Both groups of data.
SOME DATA NECESSARY FOR THE WATERBORNE TRANSPORT ENGINEERING STUDIES ∙ ETISPLUS ∙ BRUSSELS, 12th MAY 2011
WATERWAY CHARACTERISTICS
Inland waterway transport
•
The Danube waterway bottlenecks;
•
Shallow-water sections on the Upper and the Lower Danube: 2m (1.7m) – 2.4m;
•
Bad Abbach and Regensburg locks: 1x12m;
•
On the Upper Danube few bridges bellow 6.8m (Deggendorf 4.7m).
SOME DATA NECESSARY FOR THE WATERBORNE TRANSPORT ENGINEERING STUDIES ∙ ETISPLUS ∙ BRUSSELS, 12th MAY 2011
WATERWAY CHARACTERISTICS
Maritime transport
•
Seakeeping calculations based on the wave
climate information;
•
Ship operability;
•
Affects ship particulars in the preliminary
design phase;
Hs [m]
Tp [s]
Tp [s]
Tp [s]
Tp [s]
Tp [s]
Tp [s]
Tp [s]
Tp [s]
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.8
3.87
5.92
2.09
6.73
5.37
0.8
0.07
0
24.85
1.6
0.38
8.64
16.7
10.35
7.6
0.6
0.04
0
44.31
2.4
0
0.14
5.58
7.74
2.02
0.38
0
0
15.86
3.2
0
0
0.56
4.08
1.67
0.31
0.07
0
6.69
3.9
0
0
0.04
1.08
1.64
0.35
0.04
0
3.15
4.7
0
0.04
0
0.74
1.15
0.49
0.04
0
2.46
5.5
0
0
0
0.14
0.42
0.63
0
0
1.19
6.3
0
0
0
0
0.35
0.63
0.14
0
1.12
7.1
0
0
0
0
0.35
0.24
0.28
0.04
0.91
7.9
0
0
0
0
0
0.04
0.04
0
0.08
8.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.04
0
P [%]
4.25
14.74
24.97
30.86
20.57
4.47
0.76
0.04
P [%]
Table based on: Rusu, L., Bernardino, M., “Estimation of
the operability index of a containership operating in
Black Sea”, The Annals of University Dunarea de Jos of
Galati, 2009, Fascicle VIII, Tribology, XV, pp. 54-62.
0.04
100
SOME DATA NECESSARY FOR THE WATERBORNE TRANSPORT ENGINEERING STUDIES ∙ ETISPLUS ∙ BRUSSELS, 12th MAY 2011
RULES AND REGULATIONS
•
Manning standards;
•
Number, composition, age of crew;
•
Existence of different standards, e.g. on inland waterways:
– Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation (MINTRANS): “Decree On Approval
of the minimum crew of self-propelled cargo ships”;
– Central Commission for the Navigation on the Rhine (CCNR): “Rhine Vessels
Inspection Regulations”;
– UNECE Resolution No. 61, “Recommendations on Harmonized Europe-Wide
Technical Requirements for Inland Navigation Vessels”;
SOME DATA NECESSARY FOR THE WATERBORNE TRANSPORT ENGINEERING STUDIES ∙ ETISPLUS ∙ BRUSSELS, 12th MAY 2011
RULES AND REGULATIONS
•
MINTRANS
•
Self-propelled (dry) cargo vessels in inland navigation, with the symbol "A" in the vessel class,
operated by crew with combined duties
Vessel capacity
Professional composition
Up to 600t
Boatmaster - engineer
Helmsman - engine-minder
Boatmaster - engineer
Helmsman - engine-minder
Boatmaster - engineer
Helmsman - engine-minder
Electro-engineer - electrician
Boatmaster - engineer
Helmsman - engine-minder
Electro-engineer - electrician
From 601 to 1000t
From 1001 to 2400t
From 2401 to 5500t
The minimum crew for operation mode
up to 14 hours up to 18 hours
round-the-clock
one shift
two shifts
three 8h shifts two 12h shifts
1
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
3
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
SOME DATA NECESSARY FOR THE WATERBORNE TRANSPORT ENGINEERING STUDIES ∙ ETISPLUS ∙ BRUSSELS, 12th MAY 2011
RULES AND REGULATIONS
•
MINTRANS
•
Self-propelled (dry) cargo vessels in inland navigation, without the symbol "A" in the vessel class,
operated by crew with combined duties
Vessel capacity
Professional composition
Up to 600t
Boatmaster - engineer
Helmsman - engine-minder
Boatmaster - engineer
Helmsman - engine-minder
Boatmaster - engineer
Helmsman - engine-minder
Electro-engineer - electrician
Boatmaster - engineer
Helmsman - engine-minder
Electro-engineer - electrician
From 601 to 1000t
From 1001 to 2400t
From 2401 to 5500t
The minimum crew for operation mode
up to 14 hours up to 18 hours
round-the-clock
one shift
two shifts
three 8h shifts two 12h shifts
1
2
3
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
3
2
4
3
1
1
SOME DATA NECESSARY FOR THE WATERBORNE TRANSPORT ENGINEERING STUDIES ∙ ETISPLUS ∙ BRUSSELS, 12th MAY 2011
RULES AND REGULATIONS
•
RVBR
•
Minimum crew for self-propelled cargo vessels and pushers
Length of the vessel [m]
L ≤ 70
70 < L ≤ 86
L > 86
Professional composition
Boatmaster
Helmsman
Able crewmen
Ordinary crewmen
Apprentice
Boatmaster
Helmsman
Able crewmen
Ordinary crewmen
Apprentice
Boatmaster
Helmsman
Able crewmen
Ordinary crewmen
Apprentice
•
S1, S2 – equipment standards
•
A1, A2, B – operating modes
S1
1
1
1 or 1
1 or - or 1
- or 1
1 or 1
1 or 1
- or 1 or - or 2
The minimum crew for operation mode
A1
A2
B
S2
S1
S2
S1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
2 or 2
1
1 or 1
- or 1
2 or 1
1
1
2
- or -
SOME DATA NECESSARY FOR THE WATERBORNE TRANSPORT ENGINEERING STUDIES ∙ ETISPLUS ∙ BRUSSELS, 12th MAY 2011
S2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
RULES AND REGULATIONS
•
UNECE Resolution 61
•
Minimum crew for self-propelled cargo vessels and pushers
Length of the vessel [m]
Professional composition
L ≤ 70
Boatmaster
Helmsman
Able crewmen
Ordinary crewmen
Boatmaster
Helmsman
Able crewmen
Ordinary crewmen
Boatmaster
Helmsman
Able crewmen
Ordinary crewmen
70 < L ≤ 86
L > 86
The minimum crew for operation mode
A1
A2
B
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
SOME DATA NECESSARY FOR THE WATERBORNE TRANSPORT ENGINEERING STUDIES ∙ ETISPLUS ∙ BRUSSELS, 12th MAY 2011
DUES AND CHARGES
B
The Thames, the 2nd half of the 17th century
ft
L·
”Tunnage” =
2
B2
2
L · B · T ·3/5 · CB
derived from
94
35
35ft3 of seawater weighs 1t
Builders Old Measurement Rule, 1720. – 1849.
(L – B · 3/5 ) · B · B/2
Tonnage =
94
As a consequence, long, narrow, full form ships: small tonnage – large payload.
SOME DATA NECESSARY FOR THE WATERBORNE TRANSPORT ENGINEERING STUDIES ∙ ETISPLUS ∙ BRUSSELS, 12th MAY 2011
0.62
DUES AND CHARGES
The consequences of gross tonnage measurement
1960s – 1980s
cca. 20000 DWT
1990s – present
cca. 20000 DWT
SOME DATA NECESSARY FOR THE WATERBORNE TRANSPORT ENGINEERING STUDIES ∙ ETISPLUS ∙ BRUSSELS, 12th MAY 2011
DUES AND CHARGES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Port fees
Turkey
Pilotage and towage
Mooring
Light dues
Sanitary dues
Bulgaria
Pilotage
Tugs
Light dues
Mooring
Romania
Pilotage
Tugs
Mooring
Ukraine
Pilotage
Light dues
Mooring
Sanitary dues
Russia
Pilotage
Light dues
Tonnage
Environmental dues
Basis for calculation
GT
GT
NT
NT
GT
GT
GT
GT
GT
LOA
LOA
m3-mile / m3
m3
m3
m3
SOME DATA NECESSARY FOR THE WATERBORNE TRANSPORT ENGINEERING STUDIES ∙ ETISPLUS ∙ BRUSSELS, 12th MAY 2011
GT
GT
GT
GT
ACCIDENTS
•
•
Formal Safety Assessment (FSA)
–
Methodology for enhancement of maritime safety;
–
Evaluation of new regulations / comparison between existing and improved
regulations;
FSA Steps:
–
Identification of hazards;
–
Risk analysis;
–
Risk control options;
–
Cost-benefit assessment;
–
Recommendations for decision-making.
•
Accidents database for inland navigation? River-sea navigation?
•
Example: hazards identified in 29 accidents of restricted (river-sea) navigation ships.
SOME DATA NECESSARY FOR THE WATERBORNE TRANSPORT ENGINEERING STUDIES ∙ ETISPLUS ∙ BRUSSELS, 12th MAY 2011
ACCIDENTS
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
Identified hazards
Hull, machinery and systems related
Discrepancies between inland and sea operation requirements
Shell, plates, bulkheads, tank walls damages
Technology violations during repair and modernization
Omission of defects during hull inspection
Design errors
Main engine and propeller shaft failures
Large-scale hull structure repairs
Violation of ICLL requirements (hatch covers, coamings, watertight doors, etc.)
Propeller and rudder failures
Cargo related
Carrying of scrap
Dangerous cargoes
Cargo operations with grabs, heavy forklifts and bulldozers
Loading/unloading errors in ports
Owner, operator and crew related
Inappropriate ballasting
Disregard of restrictions in navigation area
Navigation errors
Contact with ice, locks and quays
Change of ballast at sea
Forecast errors
Overloading
Table based on: Egorov, G. V., “Application of formal safety assessment to hull modernization of restricted navigation area ship”, The 14th Asian Technical
Exchange and Advisory Meeting on Marine Structures, The Far Eastern Technical University, Russia, 2000.
SOME DATA NECESSARY FOR THE WATERBORNE TRANSPORT ENGINEERING STUDIES ∙ ETISPLUS ∙ BRUSSELS, 12th MAY 2011
%
76
52
52
45
48
10
14
34
45
45
31
10
9
17
14
CONCLUDING REMARKS
•
Waterway characteristics, rules and regulations, dues and charges, accidents;
•
Significantly affect the choice of ship dimensions in the preliminary design stage;
•
May affect the choice of ship type!
•
In general, more difficult to obtain:
–
data relevant for inland navigation (and short-sea shipping);
–
data relevant for Eastern European market;
SOME DATA NECESSARY FOR THE WATERBORNE TRANSPORT ENGINEERING STUDIES ∙ ETISPLUS ∙ BRUSSELS, 12th MAY 2011