C H A P T E R 5 Analyzing the Audience Stephen E. Lucas McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Audience-Centeredness Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation. McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Questions for AudienceCenteredness • To whom am I speaking? • What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech? • What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim? McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Identification Creating a bond with listeners by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences. McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Egocentrism The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being. McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Factors of Demographic Audience Analysis • • • • • • McGraw-Hill Age Gender Sexual orientation Racial, ethnic, and cultural background Religion Group membership © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Stereotyping • Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike. McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Factors of Situational Audience Analysis • • • • • McGraw-Hill Size Physical setting Disposition toward the topic Disposition toward the speaker Disposition toward the occasion © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Attitude A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc. McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Getting Information about the Audience • Interviewing • Questionnaires McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Questionnaires • Fixed-alternative questions • Scale questions • Open-ended questions McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Fixed-Alternative Questions Questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives. McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Fixed-Alternative Question Have you ever engaged in volunteer work for a community, religious, or charitable organization? Yes______ No_______ McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Scale Questions Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers. McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Scale Question If you have engaged in volunteer work, how would you rate the experience? Very rewarding McGraw-Hill Somewhat rewarding Neutral Somewhat unrewarding Very unrewarding © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Open-Ended Questions Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want. McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Open-Ended Question If you have worked as a volunteer, do you plan to do so again? Why or why not? McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Using Audience-Analysis Questionnaires McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. C H A P T E R 10 Outlining the Speech Stephen E. Lucas McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Preparation Outline A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech. McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Guidelines for the Preparation Outline • State the specific purpose of your speech • Identify the central idea • Label the introduction, body, and conclusion • Use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Guidelines for the Preparation Outline • State main points and subpoints in full sentences • Label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews • Attach a bibliography • Give your speech a title, if one is desired McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Visual Framework The pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the ideas of the speech. McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 24 Example of Visual Framework I. Main point A. Subpoint B. Subpoint 1. Sub-subpoint 2. Sub-subpoint II. Main point A. Subpoint 1. Sub-subpoint 2. Sub-subpoint B. Subpoint McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 25 Bibliography A list of all the sources used in preparing a speech. McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 26 Speaking Outline A brief outline used to jog a speaker’s memory during the presentation. McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 27 Guidelines for the Speaking Outline • Follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline • Make sure the outline is plainly legible • Keep the outline as brief as possible • Give yourself cues for delivering the speech McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Slide 28 Delivery cues Directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech. McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.