Plant Evolution & Roots

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Plant Evolution & Roots
By: Adi Beal and Madi McDade
Importance of Plants

Botany- the study of plants

Plants have a lot of diversity
Steps of Evolution
1st Step: Multicellular
2nd Step: Move onto Land
3rd Step: Vascular System
4th Step: Seeds
5th Step: Flowers & Fruits
1st Step: Multicellular

Aquatic organisms


Get support from water
Before multicellular

Volvox

Colony of individual cells that cooperate

First multicellular plant

Red Algae

Rhodophyta
Volvox Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=He9FSeGRi3A
2nd Step: Move onto Land

Mosses had no adaptations for life away from water

First terrestrial plants

Bryophyta

Need ozone to block out UV rays which damage DNA

More cellulose for structure

Get water through roots
UV Damage Diagram
3rd Step: Vascular System

True roots and stems

Xylem

Phloem

Waxing coating on leaves to conserve water

Obtain CO2 through stomata, which close at night to prevent water loss
Stomata Diagram
4th Step: Seeds

Dispersed by wind, water, and animals

Spore-individual cells that clump and each contain embryo, an endosperm,
and seed coat

Gymnosperms

Seeds are not covered by a true fruit
Gymnosperms Activity

http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/plants/gymnosper
ms.htm
Seed Dispersal Diagram
Seed Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6loGKPKDqCw
5th Step: Fruits & Flowers

Fruit- plant structure which results from the pollination of a flower and
contains a seed

Fruit may protect the seed

Angiosperms- flowering plant that produce seeds enclosed in a fruit

Flowers produce the reproductive part of the plant

Flowers attract pollinators like bees, bats, and butterflies
Angiosperm Activity

http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/plants/angiosperm
s.htm
Plant Reproduction Diagram
Plant Evolution Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yL1o49YGhtM
Plant Adaptations

Waxy Cuticle

Stomata

Reproduction


Spores

Seeds
Vascular Tissues

Xylem

Phloem
Why Do Plants Adapt Activity

http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/plants/plantadaptations.htm
Monocot vs. Dicot Flowers
Monocot

Parts in threes or multiples of
threes
Dicot

Parts in fours or fives or multiples
of fours and fives
Monocot vs. Dicot Leaves
Monocot

Smooth often narrow shapes with
parallel veins
Dicot

Oval or hand-like shapes with
neck-like veins
Monocot vs. Dicot Vascular Tissue
Monocot

Vascular bundles scattered through
stem
Dicot

Vascular bundles arranged in ring
around stem
Monocot vs. Dicot Root Pattern
Monocot

Fibrous root system
Dicot

Taproot system
Monocot vs. Dicot Embryo in Seed
Monocot

Embryo has one cotyledon (seed
leaf)
Dicot

Embryo has two cotyledons (seed
leaves)
Monocot Examples

Lilies

Tulips

Bananas

Pineapples

Onions

Corn

Rice

Oats
Dicot Examples

Beans

Lettuce

Oak

Maple

Roses

Daises
Monocots vs. Dicot Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gI2RxzAT-ww
Monocot vs. Dicot Activity

http://www.math4childrenplus.com/monocots-and-dicots/
Tissue Types
1.
2.
Vascular tissue
1.
Xylem- transports water to plant
2.
Phloem- transports food and minerals
Apical Meristem- responsible for upward growth in plant and produces cells
that will eventually specialize
Meristem
Types of Roots
1.
Primary Root- the first root that appears out of a seed
2.
Taproot- primary root grows thicker and longer with secondary roots
growing off of it
3.
Fibrous root- primary root branches off into many small roots
4.
Lateral root- extend horizontally from primary root and anchor plant
securely in the soil
5.
Aerial root- root exposed to air and absorbs moisture
6.
Adventitious root- a root that grows above ground or in an odd place
Root Types
Root Structure
1.
Root Cap- hard protective layer, prevents breakage as plant pushed through
soil, secretes slimy lubrication
2.
Root hairs- increase surface area of root so more water and nutrients can
be absorbed, main entry point of water
3.
Epidermis- waterproof outermost layer, protection
4.
Cortex- many layers of parenchyma cells, stores starch for energy
5.
Endodermis- innermost cylinder of cortex, waterproof, regulates movement
of water and minerals into vascular tissue
Root Structure (cont.)
6. Pericylce- outermost layer of cells of the steel, goes through cell division
creating root hairs
7. Root system- constantly provides the stem and leaves with water and
dissolved minerals
8. Root tip- where mitosis occurs
9. Permeable membrane-layer of the cell where water and nutrients can pass
through
Root Structure Diagram
Root Growth

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDA8rmUP5ZM
Root Activity

http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/plants/rootsstems.htm
Fun Facts!!

Roots are the parts of plain that grow down into soil or water, anchoring it and
soaking up all the water and minerals the plant needs to grow.

In some plants such as beetroots, the roots are also a food store.

When a seed begins to grow, its first root is called a primary root.

This branches into secondary roots.

Roots are protected at the end by a thimble shaped root cap as they probe
through the soil.

How plants live On every root there are tiny hairs that help it to take up water
and minerals.

Some plants, such as carrots, have a single large root, called a taproot, with just a
few fine roots branching off.

Some plants, such as grass, have lots of small roots, called fibrous roots, branching
off in all directions.

Some kinds of orchid that live on trees have ‘aerial’ roots that cling to the
branches.

Mistletoe has roots that penetrate its host tree.

Roots are delicious when boiled or pickled. The roots of the South African wild fig
tree can grow 120 m down into the ground.
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