 With the lower jaw removed, the skull resembles a lopsided, hollow,
bony sphere. The facial bones form its anterior aspect , and the
cranium forms the rest of the skull. The cranium can be divided into a
vault and a base. The cranial vault, also called the calvaria, forms the
superior, lateral, and posterior aspects of the skull, as well as the
forehead.
 The skull has about 85 named openings (foramina, canals, fissures,
etc.) the most important of these provide passageways for the spinal
cord, the major blood vessels serving the brain, and the 12 pairs of
cranial nerves ( #’s 1-12), which transmit impulses to and from the
brain.
Appendicular Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
 Structured from 80 bones
segregated into 3 major regions:
 Skull
 Vertebral Columns
 Bony Thorax
 This part of the skeleton supports
the head, neck, and trunk, and
it protects the brain, spinal cord,
and the organs in the thorax
 The skull is the body’s
most complex bony
structure. It’s formed by
cranial and facial bones, 22
in all.
 Most skull bones are flat
bones. Except for the
mandible (jaw) which is
connected to the rest of
the skull by a freely
movable joint
 Frontal Bone
 Shell-shaped frontal bone
forms the anterior cranium. It
articulates posteriorly w/ the
paired parietal bones via the
prominent coronal suture.
 The most anterior part of the
frontal bone is the vertical
frontal squama, commonly
called the forehead.
 Parietal Bones and the Major Sutures
 The two large parietal bones are curved, rectangular
bones that form most of the superior and lateral aspects
of the skull; hence they form the bulk of the cranial
vault.
Cameron Braddy
 The facial skeleton is
made up of 14 different
bones. Men’s faces are
more elongated than
women, meaning
women’s faces tend to be
less angular.
 Plow shaped vomer, lies
in the nasal cavity.
 Forms part of the nasal
septum.
 Discussed below in
connection with the
nasal cavity.
 Inferior nasal conchae
are two paired bones that
are thin, curved and in
the nasal cavity.
 Project medially from the
lateral walls of the nasal
cavity.
 Largest of the three pairs
of conchae.
 Commonly referred to as





our tailbone.
Triangular bone
Consists of four vertebrae
fused together.
Affords the pelvic organs.
Nearly useless.
Often snipped off by a
physician.
 Bony underpinnings of




the thorax.
Roughly cone shaped.
Forms a protective cage
around the vital organs.
Supports shoulders, and
upper limbs.
Provides attachment
points for many muscles
of the neck, back, chest,
and shoulders.
 Thirty separate bones
form each upper limb.
 The humerus is the sole
bone of the arm.
 At the proximal end of
each humerus is smooth
hemispherical head, and
at the distal end are two
chondyles are medial
trochlea.
 The Sternum is a flat bone
located in the middle of
the bony thorax.
 Means breastbone.
 The fusion of three bones,
the manubrium, the body,
and the xiphoid.
 Manubrium at the top, the
body in the middle and the
xiphoid at the bottom.
By: Caroline Baker
Page: 213- 216
•The orbits are
bony cavities in
which the eyes
are firmly
encased and
cushioned by
fatty tissue
•The orbits are
formed by seven
bones – frontal,
sphemoid,
zygomatic,
maxilla, palatine,
lacrimal, and
ethmoid bones.
 The nasal cavity
is constructed of
bone and hyaline
cartilage. The
roof of the nasal
cavity is formed
by the cribriform
plate of the
ethmoid.
 You can see this
sinuses in an xray image
 Paranasal
sinuses cluster
around the
nasal cavity
 U / horseshoe
shaped
 The hyoid bone
lies just inferior to
the mandible in the
anterior neck.
 Neck muscles that
raise and lower the
larynx durning
swallowing and
speech.
Page: 226
 The sternum
(breastbone)
lies in the
anterior
midline of the
thorax.
 The sternum
is a flat bone
and it is
approximately
15 cm( 6
inches) long.
 An inability to maintain homeostasis may lead to
death or a disease, a condition known as homeostatic
imbalance.( Wikipedia)
 Of the sternum- in some people the xiphoid process
projects dorsally
Page: 233
 Two parallel long bones, the radius and the ulna.
 The ulna is slightly longer than the radius. It has
the main responsibility for forming the elbow joint
with the humerus.
 The radius (rod) is thin at its proximal end and
wide distally- opposite of the ulna.
 The head of the radius is shaped somewhat like the
head of a nail.
Page: 243
 Two parallel bones, the tiba and fibula, form the
skeleton of the leg, the region of the lower limb
between the knee and the ankle.
 The tibia (shinbone) receives the weight of the
body from the femur and transmits it to the foot.
 The fibula (pin) is a sticklike bone with slighty
expanded ends.
By: Kourtnie Moore
The U- shaped or lower jaw bone. It is
one of the largest, strongest bone of
the face. It has a body, which forms the
chin, and two upright “rami” branches.
The Maxillary Bone is also called sometimes Maxillae. They
form the upper jaw and the central portion of the facial skeleton.
The Maxillae carry up the upper teeth in the Alveolar Margins.
The Maxillae meet medially, forming the pointed Anterior Nasal
Spine at their junction. The Palatine Processes of the maxillae
project posterior form the alveolar margins and fuse medially.
The Frontal Processes extend superiorly to the frontal bone,
forming part of the lateral aspects of the bridge of the nose. The
regions the f lank the nasal cavity laterally contain the Maxillary
Sinuses. Laterally, the maxillae articulate with the zygomatic
bones via their Zygomatic Processes. The Inferior Orbital
Fissure is located deep within the orbit at the junction of the
maxilla.
The irregularly shaped bones. Are commonly called the “cheek bones”. They
join in with the Temporal Posteriorly and with the Zygomatic processes of
maxilla Anteriorly. The Zygomatic Bones form the prominences of the
cheeks and part of the inferolateral margins of the orbits.
By: Brandon Jenkins
In order for the bone
structures to stand up they
have to have a system of
cable like supports. The
strap like ligaments and
trunk muscles assume that
role. There are two major
supporting ligaments they
are the anterior and
posterior longitudinal
ligaments which run a
continuous band down the
front and back of the spine
as shown to the right.
The intervertebral disc is
a cushion like pad between
each disc. It has two parts
the nucleus pulpous which
acts like a rubber ball and
gives the disc its elasticity
and the annulus fibrosus
which limits the expansion
of the nucleus pulpous.
They act as shock
absorbers when your living
your everyday lives. These
disc are about 25% of your
spinal weight.
A homeostatic imbalance
is a sudden physical trauma
to the spine- for example
there is a herniated disc
also referred to as a slipped
disc. The disc can slip and
pinch a nerve causing
numbness and severe pain.
They can be treated with
medicine but if it fails they
have to do surgery.
Structure
All vertebrae have a common structural pattern.
Each vertebrae consists of a body, or centrum,
anteriorly and a vertebral arch posteriorly.
The vertebral arch is a composite structure
formed by two pedicles (little foot) and two
laminae.
Flexion and extension (anterior bending and
posterior straightening of the spine)
2. Lateral flexion (bending the upper body to the right
or left).
3. Rotation (in which vertebrae rotate on one another
in the longitudinal axis of the spine).
1.
Anatomy and Physiology
 Butterfly-shaped
 Considered the
keystone of the
cranium because it
form the central
wedge that
articulates with all
other cranial bones.
 Within the body of the
sphenoid are the paired
sphenoid sinuses.
 The superior of the body bears a
saddle-shaped prominence is the
sella turcica meaning “Turk’s
saddle”.
 The seat of the saddle is called
the hypophyseal.
 The lateral surfaces of the body
are united with the great wings
and the medial pterygoid plates.
Above the attachment of each
great wing is a broad groove,
curved something like the italic
letter f; it lodges the internal
carotid artery and the cavernous
sinus, and is named the carotid
groove. Along the posterior part
of the lateral margin of this
groove, in the angle between the
body and great wing, is a ridge of
bone, called the lingula.
 The posterior surface,
quadrilateral in form is joined,
during infancy and adolescence,
to the basilar part of the occipital
bone by a plate of cartilage.
Between the eighteenth and
twenty-fifth years this becomes
ossified, ossification
commencing above and
extending downward.
 Piercing the lesser wings of
the sphenoid, the optic
canals allow passage of the
optic nerves from the back
of each eye to enter the
brain and cross at the optic
chiasma above to the
pituitary gland. A cleft
between the greater and
lesser wings of the
sphenoid, the superior
orbital fissure transmits
several critical structures
that pass between the orbit
and the brain.
 The ethmoid bone is
exceedingly light and spongy,
and cubical in shape; it is
situated at the anterior part of
the base of the cranium,
between the two orbits, at the
roof of the nose, and
contributes to each of these
cavities. It consists of four
parts: a horizontal or
cribriform plate, forming
part of the base of the
cranium; a perpendicular
plate, constituting part of the
nasal septum; and two
lateral masses or labyrinths.
 Also called Wormian
 Structurally
bones
 Are tiny irregularly
shaped bones or bone
clusters that appear with
sutures
unimportant
 Numbers varies, and not
all skulls exhibits them
 They represent
additional ossification
centers that appeared
when the skull was
expanding very rapidly
during fetal
development.
Stevie Peele
 Forms the posterior
inferior part of the hip
bone.
 Roughly L or archedshaped
 Inferior ramus that joins
pubis anteriorally
 Its ischial spine projects
medially into the pelvic
cavity and serves as a
point of attachment
 Just inferior to the
ischeial spine is the
lesser sciatic notch. A
number of nerves and
blood vessels pass
through this notch to
supply the anogenital
area. The inferior surface
of the ischial body is
rough and grossly
thickened as the ischial
tuberosity.
Stevie Peele
 The 12 thoracic vertebrae
 The thoracic vertebrae
are situated between the
cervical (neck) vertebrae
and the lumbar
vertebrae. The thoracic
vertebrae are represented
by the symbols T1
through T12.
provide attachment for
the ribs and make up
part of the back of the
thorax (the chest).
 There are 5 unique
characteristics of the
vertebrae.
1.) The body is roughly heart-shaped
and typically bears two facets
2.) The vertebral is foramen is circular
3.) The spinous process is long and
points sharply downward
4.) With the exception of T11 and T12,
the transverse process have facets
that articulate with the tubercles
5.) The superior and inferior particular
facets lie mainly in the frontal plane
BY Megan Carpenter
 Colle’s Fracture
 A break in the distal end of the radius
 Common fracture when a falling person attempts to
break their fall w/ outstretched hands
 Includes the bones of the:
 carpus (wrist)
 metacarpus (palm)
 phalanges (fingers)
 True wrist
 Proximal part of our hand
 Consist of a group of 8 marble size short bones or carpals,
closely united by ligaments
 Carpals are arranged in 2 irregular rows of 4 bones each
 In proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, & pisiform
 Only scaphoid & lunate form wrist joint w/ radius
 In distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, & hamate
 To help you remember: Sally left the party to take Cathy home.
 Pott’s Fracture
 Occurs at the distal end of the fibula, the tibia, or both
 Includes bones of:
 tarsus
 Metatarsus
 phalanges
 2 important functions
 Supports body weight
 Acts as a lever to propel the body forwardwhen running
or walking
 Made from 7 tarsal bones:
 Talus & calceneus
 2 largest
 Achilles tendon attaches to the posterior surface of the
calceneus
 Cuboid, navicular, & medial, intermediate, & lateral
cuneiform
 5 small long bones:
 Metatarsal bones
 # 1-5 beginning on the medial (great toe) side of the
foot
 1st
 Short & thick
 Arranged more parallel than the metacarpals of the
hands
 14 phalanges of the toes are much smaller than of the
hands & are less nimble
 Structure & arrangement are much the same as the
hand
 3 phalanges in each digit except in the great toe or
hallux, which only has 2
 3 arches in foot
 2 longitudinal & 1 transverse, which account for it’s
awesome strength
 Are maintained by the interlocking foot bones, strong
ligaments & by pull of some tendons during muscle
activity
 Provide springiness