Maritime Clusters in
Landlocked Countries
Prague Conference
27 April 2009
Patrick O’Riordan
Aerospace, Defence and Maritime Industries
European Commission
Enterprise and Industry
European Commission
Enterprise and Industry
Prague Conference on Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries | 27/04/09 | ‹#›
Civilization grew in the
beginning from the minute
that we had communication
- particularly communication
by sea that enabled people to
get inspiration and ideas from
each other...
Thor Heyerdahl
European Commission
Enterprise and Industry
Prague Conference on Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries | 27/04/09 | ‹#›
Maritime Clusters …
.
European Commission
Enterprise and Industry
Prague Conference on Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries | 27/04/09 | ‹#›
Maritime clusters:
• manufacturing industries like shipbuilding, transport
(shipping) and infrastructure (ports and terminals);
• ocean and sea resources like aquaculture;
• service providers such as classification societies;
•
leisure related activities like yachting;
•
specific public sector organisations and services like the
coast guard;
• and sea related research and consultancy.
European Commission
Enterprise and Industry
Prague Conference on Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries | 27/04/09 | ‹#›
Cluster benefits
Increase in efficiency
•
Increase in
level of business
formations
•
Higher level of
innovation
•
European Commission
Enterprise and Industry
Increase internal and external
communication and more
possibilities to cooperate
efficiently. Increased awareness
of market developments.
Focus in maritime cluster
organisation on education,
training and more mobility in the
labour market.
Focus in maritime clusters on
RDI
Prague Conference on Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries | 27/04/09 | ‹#›
Maritime clusters in the Blue Paper
 Integrated Maritime Policy is to create optimal conditions for the
sustainable use of the oceans and seas, enabling the growth of
maritime sectors and coastal regions”
 “Business integration and competitiveness in the maritime
sector are greatly enhanced by the formation of multi-sectoral
clusters. These clusters are instrumental to maintain the
maritime know-how of Europe and will occupy therefore a
central position in the Maritime Policy.”
 “The Commission will encourage the formation of multi-sectoral
clusters and regional centres of maritime excellence, and
promote a European network of maritime clusters.”
European Commission
Enterprise and Industry
Prague Conference on Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries | 27/04/09 | ‹#›
Promotion of maritime clusters under IMP
• Staff Working Document on Maritime
Clusters SEC (2007) 1406 – October
2007
• Study on the Role of Maritime Clusters
– November 2008
• Workshop “the role of maritime clusters
in land-locked areas” - 27 April 2009
Prague
European Commission
Enterprise and Industry
Prague Conference on Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries | 27/04/09 | ‹#›
KEY FIGURES OF ALL EUROPEAN SEA-RELATED SECTORS
EU-27 + Norway
15 000
Added value
Employment
Direct (Σ direct) added value = 186 600 million €
Direct (Σ direct) employment = 4.78 million persons
= 15 000 million € of added value
500 000
Average value
added/employee =
€ 39 000
3 200
15 100
3 800
= 500 000 persons employed
50 000
156 000
1 000
40 000
70 000
Percentage maritime
added value in
national GDP*
1 000
2 100
8 700
28 400
500
11 500
4 000
100
100
50
25 400
300
300
1 200
200
500
2 800
23 000
24 300
6 400
Europe: 1.65%
MT:
11.36%
CY:
9.07%
EE:
8.83%
LV:
7.71%
NO:
6.23%
DK:
4.19%
GR:
3.24%
LT:
2.59%
ES:
2.53%
NL:
2.25%
35 000
634 000
191 000
48 000
1 000
147 000
287 000
4 000
4 000
504 000
4 000
6 000
10 000
136 000
103 000
171 000
876 000
725 000
279 000
Europe: 2.25%
MT:
13.51%
CY:
12.02%
NO:
6.85%
EE:
6.54%
GR:
6.39%
LV:
5.36%
DK:
5.26%
ES:
4.62%
BG:
3.46%
PT:
3.34%
20 000
500
1 200
*
145 000
38 000
3 400
17 200
Percentage maritime
employment in national
employment*
55 000
42 000
Top-10 countries in terms of share of maritime added value (and employment) in all sea-related Areas are listed; for other countries % share is well below 2.5% (and 3%)
Value added amounts to 186 600 million € (of which 88% in the top-10 countries)
Prague Conference on Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries | 27/04/09 | ‹#›
to 4.78 million persons (of which 83% in the top-10 countries)
European Commission
Enterprise
andemployment
Industry
and
44 100
Added value in € million
Added value in the European maritime sectors (all Areas)
27 300
22 700
17 600
16 200
15 400
10 000
9 000
9 400
8 100
2 600
2 100
2 000
300
Coastal
tourism
Shipping
Seaports
Marine
equipment
European Commission
Enterprise and Industry
Fisheries
Navy
Shipbuilding Offshore
supply
Maritime Recreational
services
boating
Cruise
tourism
Maritime
works
Inland
Marine
navigation aggregates
Prague Conference on Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries | 27/04/09 | ‹#›
Maritime economic centres are generally are
represented by clusters
Star-region
represented by
national and/or
regional cluster
organisation
FI
3
•
•
Privately driven
France, Spain,
Italy, Finland,
Sweden, Norway,
UK, Poland
•
Government
driven
Germany,
Denmark
2
1
SE
2
1
2
2
1
IE
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
PL
1
1
3
•
1
DE
3
LU
1
CZ
SK
FR
AT
HU
SI
RO
•
•
Mixed
Netherlands and
Norway
•
Regional
clusters
e.g. France, the
UK, Germany
and Norway
3
3
2
IT
1
BG
PT
ES
GR
•
1
MT
1
CY
European Commission
Enterprise and Industry
Prague Conference on Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries | 27/04/09 | ‹#›
Initiative
Characteristics
TOP-DOWN
E.g. Germany
COMBINATION
PLAY
E.g. Dutch Maritime
Network
– Government induced and/or supported
– Holistic and cluster wide approach
– Focus on long-term strategy and policy:
• Economy (e.g. level playing field and growth)
• Education and recruitment
• Research, development and innovation
• Export
• Common interest (e.g. environment and safety)
– Focus on professionalism and
cooperation/integration of maritime sectors
European Commission
Enterprise and Industry
BOTTOM-UP
E.g. Maritimt Forum in Norway
– Induced and/or supported by strong leader firms
and/or sector associations
– Limited cluster approach based on supporting
companies and sector associations
– Focus on short-term benefits:
• Rules and regulation
• Tax regime
• Labour market and job promotion
• Innovation project support
• Export support
– Focus on operational problems
Prague Conference on Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries | 27/04/09 | ‹#›
Cluster typology – strengths and weaknesses
Top-down organisations tend to operate with higher budgets, with a
strategic focus on competitiveness and RDI for the entire sector.
But face the need to balance between the interests, resulting in longer
dialogue and more universal themes
Bottom-up organisations are efficient are targeted to operational problems
and activities (events, issues platforms) and provide a single-point-of-entry
to the government
But sectoral interests can prevail and focus may be short term
“Mixed” cluster organisations capture all maritime stakeholders in order to
have well-structured discussions between government and sector
European Commission
Enterprise and Industry
Prague Conference on Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries | 27/04/09 | ‹#›
Role of maritime cluster organisations
All European countries with a maritime cluster have access to that cluster through a
maritime cluster organisation
Policy (initiatives) and actions are translated to European, national and regional level,
although not in a uniform manner
Maritime cluster organisations are mostly historically established (and regionally grown)
based upon the specific needs of the cluster and its participants and upon the country’s
culture
Top-down and bottom-up initiated clusters focus in general on same content
Topics of cluster organisations are mostly softer topics (e.g. innovation and labour market);
in top-down maritime cluster more opportunities are created for strategical issues through the
availability of funding
Limited direct evaluation of impact/success of the actions of cluster organisations on projectbasis, but indirectly through the evaluation of maritime cluster organisations and the impact on
financing (membership contributions)
In principal, any organisation concept can do the job; nevertheless, organisations that are
able to capture ‘best’ of both worlds seem most natural to balance public and private interests
European Commission
Enterprise and Industry
Prague Conference on Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries | 27/04/09 | ‹#›
YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT OF
MARITIME CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
European cluster*
2007
ENMC
UK-Sea Vision
National
2005
2009
Aquamarina
UK-Maritime UK
UK-One Voice
FR
cluster*
DK
NO2**
SE
IT
NL
FI
NO1**
PL
DE
ES
PACA
Bretagne
S-W (UK)
S-E (UK)
Regional cluster*
S-E (NO)
Bergen
London
Haug.-Sonn.
Mersey
Schl.-Hol.
Oslo
Haven Gateway
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
*
Full name and abbreviation of European, national and regional cluster organisations as used in this study is provided in Annex 7
NO1 is MARUT and NO2 is Maritimt Forum; more information concerning the activities of these clusters is provided in the Background Country Report – Norway
Source: Policy Research Corporation based on questionnaires of maritime cluster organisations
**
After the popularisation of the cluster concept in Porter’s ‘Competitive advantage of nations’ in 1990:
– Most maritime cluster organisations were established
– Governments have become more reluctant on developing sector policies
European Commission
Enterprise and Industry
Prague Conference on Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries | 27/04/09 | ‹#›
PRIMARY RATIONALE FOR ESTABLISHING
MARITIME CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS
National cluster
organisations
Regional cluster
organisations
3%
6%
25%
28%
38%
44%
28%
28%
Competitiveness
Promotion
Coordination
Other (e.g. education, framework)
Source: Policy Research Corporation based on questionnaires amongst maritime cluster organisations
Main reasons for establishing a maritime cluster organisations are to increase competi-tiveness, to
promote maritime sectors, and to improve coordination within the cluster
European Commission
Enterprise and Industry
Prague Conference on Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries | 27/04/09 | ‹#›
Maritime cluster organisations are developed different according to
specific needs and the prevailing culture
In spite of differences in size, scope or funding, maritime clusters tend to
be set up for similar reasons (to increase competitiveness, promote
maritime sectors and coordinate activities)
There is no organisational concept of cluster organisations that intrinsically
excels
All these clusters can play a role in public-private dialogue and benefit
from learning from each others’ best practice and lessons learned
European Commission
Enterprise and Industry
Prague Conference on Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries | 27/04/09 | ‹#›
THE SEA RELATED SECTORS AND THEIR AREA-CLASSIFICATION
Area 1
Area 2
Coastal and sea-related (marine)
recreation and tourism
Traditional maritime sectors*:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
*
Inland navigation
Marine aggregates
Marine equipment
Maritime services
Maritime works
Navy and coastguard
Offshore supply
Recreational boating
Seaports
Shipbuilding
Shipping
Area 3
Fisheries
In the study Economic impact of maritime industries in Europe, carried out by Policy Research on behalf of the EC, the fisheries sector was also included as part of the
traditional maritime sectors; furthermore, differences exist per country with regard to the ‘scope’ of the maritime industry; the members of the European Network of
Maritime Clusters regard eight sectors as part of the maritime cluster from a narrow perspective: shipping, shipbuilding, marine equipment, seaports, maritime services,
yacht building, offshore services and fishing; three sectors can be added from a national, broader perspective: Navy and coastguard, inland navigation and maritime works
EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORS IN LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES
Employment figures for
Czech Republic in all Areas
4 000
4 000
3 500
Persons employed
Employment figures for
Luxembourg in all Areas
Area 1: Traditional maritime sectors
Area 2: Coastal (and marine) tourism and recreation*
Area 3: Fisheries**
Persons employed
3 500
3 000
2 300
2 500
2 000
2 000
1 500
1 000
500
3 000
0
0
2 500
Area 1
Area 2
Area 3
2 000
1 500
1 100
Employment figures for
Slovakia in all Areas
1 000
500
0
0
Area 2
Area 3
0
Area 1
4 000
Persons employed
3 500
3 000
2 500
2 300
2 000
1 500
1 200
1 000
500
Employment figures for
Austria in all Areas
Area 1
4 000
2 500
4 000
2 000
3 500
1 500
1 000
700
500
200
0
Area 1
Area 2
Area 3
Employment figures for
Hungary in all Areas
3 200
3 000
Area 2
Area 3
Persons employed
Persons employed
3 500
100
0
3 800
3 000
2 500
2 000
1 700
1 500
1 000
500
100
0
Area 1
Area 2
Area 3
*
Employment in Area 2 in landlocked countries is achieved in the cruise tourism sector
** Employment in Area 3 in landlocked countries is achieved in fish processing and aquaculture
Source: Policy Research based on Ecotec (2006) – Employment trends in all sectors related to the sea or using sea-resources, BIMCO/ISF (2005) – Manpower 2005 update,
Eurostat – Industry, Trade and Services (Annual enterprise statistics) 2005, and Policy Research based on LEI (2006) – Employment in the fisheries sector
Hungary and Austria have highest employment in Area 1; the Czech Republic has highest employment
in Area 3 compared to the other European landlocked countries
NO STARS FOR EMPLOYMENT IN TRADITIONAL MARITIME
SECTORS (AREA 1) IN LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES
Employment figures for
Czech Republic in Area 1
2 000
1 800
Persons employed
1 600
Employment figures for
Luxembourg in Area 1
Persons employed
2 000
1 400
1 200
1 000
800
400
1 600
200
1 400
0
700
500
100
Shipping
1 200
1 000
700
600
1 800
Inland navigation
Shipbuilding
900
Recreational
boating
800
Employment figures for
Slovakia in Area 1
600
400
100
200
50
0
Shipping
2 000
Maritime services Inland navigation Maritime works
1 800
Persons employed
1 600
1 400
1 200
1 000
1 000
700
800
600
600
400
1 100
Employment figures for
Austria in Area 1
2 000
1 800
0
2 400
3 200
Shipbuilding
3 800
1 400
1 200
2 000
1 000
1 800
400
400
100
200
0
Marine
equipment
Shipping
Recreational
boating
2 000
1 600
600
400
Recreational Shipbuilding
boating
Inland
navigation
Shipping
Persons employed
Persons employed
1 600
600
Inland navigation
Employment figures for
Hungary in Area 1
1 700
800
100
200
2 000
1 400
1 200
1 200
1 000
800
600
400
400
200
200
0
Shipping
Inland navigation
Shipbuilding
Recreational
boating
Source: Policy Research based on Ecotec (2006) – Employment trends in all sectors related to the sea or using sea-resources, BIMCO/ISF (2005) – Manpower 2005 update,
and Eurostat – Industry, Trade and Services (Annual enterprise statistics) 2005
No stars for landlocked countries because maritime employment does not exceed 5 000 persons, yet
countries as Austria are strong niche players in certain subsectors
NO STARS FOR EMPLOYMENT IN COASTAL TOURISM (AREA 2) AND
FISHERIES (AREA 3) IN LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES
Area 2*
Area 3*
(figures on country level)
(figures on country level)
Employment in cruise tourism
Employment in fish processing
and aquaculture
2 300
100
200
700
100
1 200
1 700
*
Source: Policy Research based on Eurostat – Tourism indicators 2005
NUTS II regions in landlocked countries do not exceed 1 000 persons employed
in Area 3
Source: Policy Research based on LEI (2006) – Employment in the fisheries sector
No stars are awarded to regions within landlocked countries because maritime employment does not
exceed 1 000 persons
Thank you for your attention!
Aerospace, Defence, Maritime Industries
European Commission, DG Enterprise and Industry
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/maritime/shipbuilding/index_en.htm
European Commission
Enterprise and Industry
Prague Conference on Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries | 27/04/09 | ‹#›
Cluster
benefit
Approach
Main
initiatives
Sector
involvement
Mainly project-based
approach
• Promotion campaigns
through websites, videos
and presentations
• Report on economic
importance of the cluster
• Organising promotion
events
Almost all sectors are
involved in these
initiatives
Focus in maritime
cluster organisation
on education,
training and the
labour market
Project-based and
structural approach
• Programs in cooperation
with universities and
professors
• Recruitment campaigns
and fairs
• Platforms to exchange
best practices
Almost all sectors are
involved in these
initiatives with leading
roles for shipping and
shipbuilding industry
Focus in maritime
clusters on RDI
Project-based
approach based upon
(high budget)
government support
programs and
structural approach
• On (governmental)
project basis
• Structural cooperation
with RDI-institutes and
universities
• Platforms to exchange
best practices
Almost all sectors are
involved in these
initiatives with leading
roles for shipbuilding,
marine equipment,
offshore supply and
shipping
Promotion of the
maritime cluster
European Commission
Enterprise and Industry
Prague Conference on Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries | 27/04/09 | ‹#›