Class # 4: Cause and Effect Notes
• Take out your Class #3 Age of Exploration
Notes
Taking Notes for Cause  Effect
• Flow charts
Cause
• Concept Maps –
Contributing Factors
Effect
• Fishbone Analysis
Timeline
• If  Then Table
IF
Then:
• Historical
Identifications
Effect
Effect
IF
Then:
IF
Then:
Historical “ID’s”
• Who is the person or are the
people involved?
• What did they do, or what
happened?
• How did they do what they did, or
how did it happen?
• Where did it occur
geographically?
• When did they live or when did
the key event(s) occur?
• WHY is the person, people, or
event historically important?
Cause
Effect
Class # 4: Cause and Effect Notes
(For Project #2)
Name_________________
Core 1 2 3
Who: ___________________________________________________
Activity 1: Formats for Cause and Effect
F_______________ charts
Christopher C_____________________
________________________________________________________
_______
_______
________________________________________________________
Concept Maps w/
C___________
F__________________
What: __________________________________________________
____
________________________________________________________
Timeline
_______
Fishbone A______________
How: ___________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
If  Then Table
When: __________________________________________________
Where:
Historical I_______________________________
W_____ is the p_____________
or are the people involved?
W__________ did they do, or
what happened?
H____________ did they do
what they did, or how did it
happen?
W_____________ did it occur
g_________________?
W____________ did they live or
when did the key ___________
occur?
W__________ is the person,
people, or event
h__________________
__________________?
________
__________
Why historically important? _________________________________
_________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________
Who: ___________________________________________________
Who: ___________________________________________________
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What: __________________________________________________
What: __________________________________________________
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How: ___________________________________________________
How: ___________________________________________________
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When: __________________________________________________
When: __________________________________________________
Where:
Where:
Why historically important? _________________________________
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Why historically important? _________________________________
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Who: ___________________________________________________
Who: ___________________________________________________
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What: __________________________________________________
What: __________________________________________________
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How: ___________________________________________________
How: ___________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
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When: __________________________________________________
When: __________________________________________________
Where:
Where:
Why historically important? _________________________________
_________________________________________________________
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Why historically important? _________________________________
_________________________________________________________
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Who: ___________________________________________________
Who: ___________________________________________________
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What: __________________________________________________
What: __________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
How: ___________________________________________________
How: ___________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
When: __________________________________________________
When: __________________________________________________
Where:
Where:
Why historically important? _________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Why historically important? _________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
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Project #2 Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Chris Columbus - required
Pizzarro - required
Amerigo Vespucci
Cortez
Pick
John Cabot
4
Magellan
More
Vasco de Gama
Cartier
Must do
a total of
6 ID’s:
• All 6 parts
• 1 quote from
textbook
• w/ page #
Columbus
page 76 to 79 in Brown Textbook
Excerpt from Columbus’ Report to King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella –
…. I have determined to write you this letter to
inform you of everything that has been done and
discovered in this voyage of mine.
On the thirty-third day after leaving Cadiz I came
into the Indian Sea, where I discovered many
islands inhabited by numerous people. I took
possession of all of them for our most fortunate
King by making public proclamation and
unfurling his standard, no one making any
resistance.
In the island, which I have said before was called Hispana, there are very lofty
and beautiful mountains, great farms, groves and fields, most fertile both for
cultivation and for pasturage, and well adapted for constructing buildings. The
convenience of the harbors in this island, and the excellence of the rivers, in
volume and salubrity, surpass human belief, unless on should see them. In it
the trees, pasture-lands and fruits different much from those of Juana.
Besides, this Hispana abounds in various kinds of species, gold and metals.
The inhabitants . . . are all, as I said before, unprovided with any sort of iron,
and they are destitute of arms, which are entirely unknown to them, and for
which they are not adapted; not on account of any bodily deformity, for they
are well made, but because they are timid and full of terror. . . . But when they
see that they are safe, and all fear is banished,
Pizarro
page 95 – 96 in Brown Textbook
“On reaching the center of the open space, Atahualpa remained in his litter on high, and
the others with him, while his troops did not cease to enter. A captain then came to the
front and, ascending the fortress near the open space, where the artillery was posted,
raised his lance twice, as for a signal. Seeing this, the Governor asked the Father Friar
Vicente if he wished to go and speak to Atahualpa, with an interpreter. He replied that he
did wish it, and he advanced, with a cross in one hand and the Bible in the other, and
going amongst the troops up to the place where Atahualpa was, thus addressed him: "I
am a priest of God, and I teach Christians the things of God, and in like manner I come to
teach you. What I teach is that which God says to us in this Book. Therefore, on the part
of God and of the Christians, I beseech you to be their friend, for such is God's will, and it
will be for your good. Go and speak to the Governor, who waits for you."
Atahualpa asked for the Book, that he might look at it, and the priest gave it to him
closed. Atahualpa did not know how to open it, and the priest was extending his arm to
do so, when Atahualpa, in great anger, gave him a blow on the arm, not wishing that it
should be opened. Then he opened it himself, and, without any astonishment at the
letters and paper, as had been shown by other Indians, he threw it away from him five or
six paces, and, to the words which the monk had spoken to him through the interpreter,
he answered with much scorn, saying: "I know well how you have behaved on the road,
how you have treated my chiefs, and taken the cloth from my storehouses." The monk
replied: "The Christians have not done this, but some Indians took the cloth without the
knowledge of the Governor, and he ordered it to be restored." Atahualpa said: "I will not
leave this place until they bring it all to me." The monk returned with this reply to the
Governor.
Amerigo Vespucci
•
•
•
•
page 80 Brown text
Unlike Columbus, he realized he’d come to a
new world.
Wrote that he had come to a “New World.”
Amerigo published a booklet about his
experiences.
A German Mapmaker read the booklet and
when he drew the South and North America,
he chose the name “America,” based on
Vespucci’s first name!
Waldseemuller, the German mapmaker’s map.
Modern History Sourcebook:
Hernan Cortés: from Second Letter to Charles V, 1520
Cortez
pages 92-94
in Brown Textbook
IN ORDER, most potent Sire, to convey to your Majesty a just conception of the great extent of this noble
city of Temixtitlan, and of the many rare and wonderful objects it contains; of the government and
dominions of Moctezuma, the sovereign: of the religious rights and customs that prevail, and the order that
exists in this as well as the other cities appertaining to his realm: it would require the labor of many
accomplished writers, and much time for the completion of the task.
Before I begin to describe this great city and the others already mentioned, it may be well for the better
understanding of the subject to say something of the configuration of Mexico, in which they are situated, it
being the principal seat of Moctezuma's power. This Province is in the form of a circle, surrounded on all
sides by lofty and rugged mountains; its level surface comprises an area of about seventy leagues in
circumference, including two lakes, that overspread nearly the whole valley, being navigated by boats more
than fifty leagues round. One of these lakes contains fresh and the other, which is the larger of the two, salt
water. On one side of the lakes, in the middle of the valley, a range of highlands divides them from one
another, with the exception of a narrow strait which lies between the highlands and the lofty sierras. This
strait is a bow-shot wide, and connects the two lakes; and by this means a trade is carried on between the
cities and other settlements on the lakes in canoes without the necessity of traveling by land. As the salt lake
rises and falls with its tides like the sea, during the time of high water it pours into the other lake with the
rapidity of a powerful stream; and on the other hand, when the tide has ebbed, the water runs from the
fresh into the salt lake.
John Cabot
page 84-85 Brown Textbook
Primary Document
Letter by Raimondo de Raimondi de Soncino, an Italian diplomat
living in England, sent the Duke of Milan in 1497 about John
Cabot’s voayage had crossed the Atlantic to Newfoundland,
which he believed to be eastern Asia.
John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto; c.
1450 – c. 1499) was an Italian navigator
and explorer whose 1497 discovery of
parts of North America under the
commission of Henry VII of England is
commonly held to have been the first
European encounter with the mainland of
North America since the Norse Vikings
visits to Vinland in the eleventh century.
The English based their claims to North
America on John Cabot’s voyage on behalf
of King Henry the VII of England.
Source: History.com
“Perhaps amid the numerous occupations of your Excellency, it
may not weary you to hear how his Majesty here has gained a
part of Asia, without a stroke of the sword. There is in this
Kingdom a man of the people, John Cabot by name, of kindly wit
and a most expert mariner. Having observed that the sovereigns
first of Portugal and then of Spain had occupied unknown
islands, he decided to make a similar acquisition for his Majesty.
After obtaining patents that the effective ownership of what he
might find should be his, though reserving the rights of the
Crown, he committed himself to fortune in a little ship, with
eighteen persons. He started from Bristol, a port on the west of
this kingdom, passed Ireland, which is still further west, and then
bore towards the north, in order to sail to the east.
After having wandered for some time he at length arrived at the
mainland, where he hoisted the royal standard, and took
possession for the king here; and after taking certain tokens he
returned.
Before very long they say that his Majesty will equip some ships,
and in addition he will give them all the malefactors [prisoners],
and they will go to that country and form a colony. By means of
this they hope to make London a more important mart for spices
than Alexandria.
Magellan
Page 83 in Brown Textbook
DEATH of Magellan – Eyewitness:
When they saw us, they charged down upon us with exceeding loud cries, two divisions on our flanks and the other on our front.
When the captain saw that, he formed us into two divisions, and thus did we begin to fight. The musketeers and crossbow-men shot from a distance
for about a half-hour, but uselessly; for the shots only passed through the shields which were made of thin wood and the arms [of the bearers]. The
captain cried to them, "Cease firing cease firing!" but his order was not at all heeded. When the natives saw that we were shooting our muskets to no
purpose, crying out they determined to stand firm, but they redoubled their shouts. When our muskets were discharged, the natives would never
stand still, but leaped hither and thither, covering themselves with their shields. They shot so many arrows at us and hurled so many bamboo spears
(some of them tipped with iron) at the captain-general, besides pointed stakes hardened with fire, stones, and mud, that we could scarcely defend
ourselves.
Seeing that, the captain-general sent some men to burn their houses in order to terrify them. When they saw their houses burning, they were roused
to greater fury. Two of our men were killed near the houses, while we burned twenty or thirty houses. So many of them charged down upon us that
they shot the captain through the right leg with a poisoned arrow. On that account, he ordered us to retire slowly, but the men took to fight, except six
or eight of us who remained with the captain. The natives shot only at our legs, for the latter were bare; and so many were the spears and stones
that they hurled at us, that we could offer no resistance. The mortars in the boats could not aid us as they were too far away.
So we continued to retire for more than a good crossbow flight from the shore always fighting up to our knees in the water. The natives continued to
pursue us, and picking up the same spear four or six times, hurled it at us again and again. Recognizing the captain, so many turned upon him that
they knocked his helmet off his head twice, but he always stood firmly like a good knight, together with some others. Thus did we fight for more than
one hour, refusing to retire farther. An Indian hurled a bamboo spear into the captain's face, but the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which
he left in the Indian's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could draw it out but halfway, because he had been wounded in the arm with a
bamboo spear. When the natives saw that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which
resembles a scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and
bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide. When they wounded him, he turned
back many times to see whether we were all in the boats. Thereupon, beholding him dead, we, wounded, retreated, as best we could, to the boats,
which were already pulling off."
References:
Paige, Paula, Spurlin (translator), The Voyage of Magellan, the Journal of Antonio Pigafetta (1969); Robertson James Alexander, Magellan's Voyage Around the World
(1906) reprinted in: Nowell, Charles E. Magellan's Voyage Around the World, Three Contemporary Accounts (1962); Zewig, Stefan, The Story of Magellan (1938).
DeGama
page 73 in Brown Textbook
From de Gama’s Logbook
“On Wednesday (November 8) we cast anchor in this bay, and we
remained there eight days, cleaning the ships, mending the sails, and
taking in wood. The river Samtiagua (S. Thiago) enters the bay four
leagues to the S.E. of the anchorage. It comes from the interior
(sertao), is about a stone's throw across at the mouth, and from two to
three fathoms in depth at all states of the tide.
The inhabitants of this country are tawny-colored. Their food is
confined to the flesh of seals, whales and gazelles, and the roots of
herbs. They are dressed in skins, and wear sheaths over their virile
members. They are armed with poles of olive wood to which a horn,
browned in the fire, is attached. Their numerous dogs resemble those
of Portugal, and bark like them. The birds of the country, likewise, are
the same as in Portugal, and include cormorants, gulls, turtle doves,
crested larks, and many others. The climate is healthy and temperate,
and produces good herbage. On the day after we had cast anchor, that
is to say on Thursday (November 9), we landed with the captain-major,
and made captive one of the natives, who was small of stature like
Sancho Mexia. This man had been gathering honey in the sandy waste,
for in this country the bees deposit their honey at the foot of the
mounds around the bushes. He was taken on board the captainmajor's ship, and being placed at table he ate of all we ate. On the
following day the captain-major had him well dressed and sent
ashore.”
Bartolomeu Dias
page 73 in Brown Textbook
Portuguese navigator discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 and
maritime explorer
Bartholomeu Dias, also called Bartholomew Diaz, was a Portuguese
navigator whose discovery in 1488 of the Cape of Good Hope showed
Europeans there was a feasible route to India around the storm-driven
southern tip of Africa. He also discovered for Europe the south-east
trade winds and the westerlies to the west and south of South Africa,
thus establishing the wind system for those who sailed after him. King
João II of Portugal financed Dias’s expedition. Dias took part in Cabral's
expedition that discovered Brazil, but Dias’s ship sank during a storm.
It is very unlikely that Dias was, in fact, the first mariner to round the
Cape. The great merchant traders of antiquity ¾ the Phoenicians,
Egyptians, Greeks, Arabs, Chinese and Indians — all made journeys
down the west and east African coasts, and one expedition went right
around the continent.
Nevertheless, the voyage of Dias was very important since at the time
the search for a passage to the Indies was a move in the great struggle
between the Moslem world and Christendom. The epoch-making
voyage of Dias not only opened up the sea route to the Indies; it paved
the way for contact between Europe, Africa, and the East, greatly
extending the Portuguese sphere of influence. Early information about
Dias's voyage is limited because all the actual records of his voyage
perished when the castle of São Jorge, in which they were housed,
burnt down after the Lisbon earthquake of 1755.
Source: Sputh Africa History On-line
http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/bartholomeu-dias
Cartier
page 85 in Brown Textbook
Jacques Cartier (1491-1557)
French explorer and navigator
Early Career. Born in 1491, Jacques Cartier was
a French mariner who sailed out of the port
city of St. Malo. His early life remains a
mystery, although we know he undertook
voyages of exploration to Newfoundland and
Brazil during the early decades of the sixteenth
century. His success on those trips brought him
to the attention King Francis I of France, who
hoped to discover either New World wealth or
a passage to the Far East. Francis consequently
subsidized two exploratory trips by Cartier to
North America in the mid 1530s.