Kennedy Chapter 13
 The era of good feelings ended by economic collapse 1819 and Missouri
Compromise 1820
 Jacksonian era had clear party lines, strong democracy, frenzied politics
 Candidates used events like barbecues and parades, voter turnout rose
 Corrupt bargain of 1824: candidates were John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay,
William Crawford, & Andrew Jackson
o No majority in electoral vote, house had to choose from top 3
o Clay (head of house) chose Adams – both were accused of corrupt
bargain when Clay became sec of state
 JQA was a minority president, had strong principles but did not appeal to
common man, nationalist who proposed to use federal money to build roads and
canals, observatory and national university, Congress thought he was trying to
invade state powers, wanted to deal with the Cherokee Indians fairly, Georgia
threatened to use arms if he prevented them from pushing Indians off the land
 Jackson’s campaign started really early
 Republican party broke into national republicans (Adams) and Democratic
Republicans (Jackson)
 Jackson presented as a frontiersman in reality he was very rich
 1828 election involved mudslinging
 South and west voted for Jackson, middle states and NW divided, NE voted for
Adams
 Jackson introduced spoils system- rewarded supporters with federal office,
defended it by saying it was better not to have a class of civil servants, many were
illiterate, incompetent, or criminals
 Tariff of Abominations (1824): introduced during Adams’s admin by Jacksonians
who did not want it to pass, it passed in 1828
o Southerners were upset because it made goods more expensive
o South Carolina legislature published South Carolina Exposition bc
they thought it was unconstitutional
 1832 Congress reduced tariff but seemed more permanent, South Carolina voted
to nullify, threatened seccession
 Compromise tariff of 1833- opposition in the north, south favored it
 Force Bill- authorized use of military to collect tariff
 Trail of Tears- Democrats supported western expansion
 Indian Removal Act (1830)-Congress passed in order to be able to remove
Indians to Indian territories by force
 Black Hawk War (1832) some tribes resisted removal and were defeated
 Seminole Indians of Florida waged guerilla war
 Jackson hated Bank of United States (had too much power)
 1832-webster and clay introduced renewal bill ( Jackson vetoed)
 Anti-Masonic Party-against corruption in government, wanted moral reforms to
keep sabath holy
 Henry clay had more campaign money and paparazzi, but Jackson won
 Jackson tried to withdraw federal money from Bank of United States, Biddle then
called in loans to cause financial crisis
 1836-Jackson issues specie circular (required hard money to buy federal land)
 Whig party was against presidential power, absorbed anti-masonics
 1836-Martin Van Buren won presidential election
 1837-economic crisis: overspeculation affected roads, canals, land, railways,
slaves, and specie circular, lots of anger due to unemployment
 1837- Canada rebellions lead to frontier incidents
 Van Buren supported independent treasury bill
 Americans wanted Texas as state, TX rebelled from Mexico in 1836
o TX fought with MX, TX beaten at Alamo but won at San Jacinto
o Texans wanted to join US, but northerners didn’t want another slave
state
 1840 election: William Henry Harrison beat Van Buren
o Harrison portrayed self as hard cider drinker living in log cabin, but
actually was a Virginia planter
 1840 created 2-party system, both Dems and Whigs stemmed from Jeffersonian
tradition
 Democrats supported freedom and the lower classes
 Whigs had support in all classes, wanted more federal power (national bank,
tariffs, some of them wanted abolition)
Chapter 14: Forging the National Economy (1790-1860)
1. The Westward Movement
a. Moving west is tough (isolation, poorly fed, bad housing, disease)
2. Shaping the Western Landscape
a. Kentucky bluegrass good for livestock
b. fur-trapping rendezvous system
i. buffalo numbers dropping, ecological imperialism
c. trading whiskey with natives for animal products (pelts, meat, etc.)
3. The March of Millions
a. high birthrate, urban growth
b. immigrants come to america “the land of freedom and opportunity”
- generally Irish and German
c. Know Nothing Party- Nativists pressed for restrictions of immigration and
naturalization
4. Major Inventions
a. Steamboat - Fulton
b. cotton gin- eli whitney
i. increased need for slavery in the south; revived slavery which had been dying
out
c. interchangeable parts - eli whitney
d. McCormick reaper - McCormick
i. increased farming
e. turnpike
i. i.e. Lancaster turnpike (1790s) : from philly to lancaster, philadelphia
f. clipper ships - long, fast ships
5. Transportation and Communication
a. railroads, turnpikes, canals
b. helped move america west
c. pony express (1860) - carried mail from Missouri to California by pony
d. transatlantic telegraph/cable
6. The Market Revolution
a. transformed america from mostly agricultural to mainly urban
i. introduction of monopolies, mechanization, patents
b. Commonwealth v. Hunt: labor unions are ok as long as they aren’t harming
anyone
c. Cult of Domesticity- a culture that glorified the functions of a homemaker
(married women)
Chapter 15 - The Ferment of Reform and Culture (1790-1860)
● Deism: reason over revelation, science over Bible, no original sin (moral
behavior)
● Unitarianism: opposite of Calvinism, salvation through good works
● Second Great Awakening: swept through the nation, humanitarian reform,
reorganized churches (new sects)
○ fiery preachers (Charles Finney) gained fame
○ feminization of religion (women starting to play larger role)
○ “camp meetings” boosted membership and stimulated philanthropy
● Methodists and Baptists: most conversions, democracy, no predestination
● Burned-Over District: Western New York, heavy/hellfire preaching
● the East was little influenced by new religious fervor (Episcopalians,
Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Unitarians) but rise in wealthier regions
○ new sects in less prosperous (Methodists and Baptists)
● Mormons: (1830) Latter-Day Saints and Book of Mormon, began with
Joseph Smith
○ after Smith’s death, Brigham Young brought the Mormons to Utah in
1848; prosperous, European immigrants, hierarchy, angry at anti
polygamy laws
● 1825-1850: tax-supported public education and consequential boost in
white man’s suffrage (more educated voting body, improved democracy)
● 1 million illiterate adults, blacks legally forbidden to learn
○ Horace Mann: more/better schools (but still more needed), longer
terms, more expensive, curriculum shift
○ colleges are more prevalent, women are forbidden from most but
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some allowed women and blacks (Susan B. Anthony advocates for
women’s education)
○ lyceum lectures: platforms for learning, speakers of science,
literature, philosophy
reform campaigns were growing in the Republic: less brutal punishments,
debtors prisons axed
○ Dorothea Dix: petitioned for improved conditions for mentally ill
○ drunkenness became a labor problem as well as a social problem
(decreased production) led to American Temperance Society (1826 in
Boston)
■ Maine Law of 1851: prohibits manufacture of and sale of
intoxicating liquor
○ women: could still be beat, subordinate to husbands, no property
ownership
■ “cult of domesticity” home is the women’s sphere, private
world was glorified and attributed a more important role to
women
Woman’s Rights Convention at Seneca Falls: all women/men created
equal, mimicked Declaration of Independence, launched movement but
eclipsed by abolitionist movement
wilderness utopias: New Harmony (1825) and Brook Farm (1841) sought
human betterment, comparable to communist societies
Shakers (1747): prohibited sexual relations and marriage
constant illness, short life span
Dawn of Scientific Achievement: inventions for convenience prospered but
medical advancements still dwindled
Art and Culture: medieval gothic forms, Greek architecture, photograph
screws the painter, “minstrel shows” (white actors with blackened faces),
romanticism (imagination over reason, self over society, emotion)
○ Transcendentalism: foreign influences, innerlight, individualism,
hostility to authority (Emerson, Henry David Thoreau)
○ “The American Scholar”: intellectual declaration of independence
from Emerson, preached self-culture and the Union cause
Literature: Whittier fought slavery with poems,
○ Literary Individualists: Edgar Allen Poe explored dark themes and
Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote of Calvinist ideas
Chapter 16 - The South and the Slavery Controversy(1793-1860)
Cotton is King!:
● By the end of the 18th century, the invention of the cotton gin (Eli Whitney)
wiped out any measure of anti-slavery in the Southern Cotton Kingdom
● Profits drew planters, Northern shippers profit as well, cotton makes up half
the value of Southern exports after 1790 while the South was producing half
the world’s cotton (mainly for England’s benefit, which the South sensed
would be an advantage in war against the North)
● South before Civil War dominated by planter-slaveholder class, which is only
a small percentage of population. ⅔ of Southern Whites don’t possess slaves.
● Abolitionists take hold, but fail to find much popularity in South, as they are
seen as troublemakers.
“Planter aristocracy”:
● Produced the South’s only “statesmen”, forms sort of an oligarchy
(accentuating the class division)
● Women are given lots of power in household, ordering around slaves to do
household tasks.
Slaves of the Slave System:
● Cotton ruins the earth, population leaks West and Northwest, Southern
economy becomes increasingly monopolistic (dependent of King Cotton)
● Slavery could ruin financially (over speculation tempting, other expenses,
unreliability), dependence on one-crop economy was dangerous (prices at
the world’s market’s mercy)
The White Majority:
● South repelled European immigration, became increasingly Anglo-Saxon in
comparison to the North
● Only a quarter of Southerners owned slaves, ⅔ of whom owned less than 10.
Majority of Southern whites were small “subsistence” farmers who defended
the slave system in hopes of ownership one day.
● Appalachian “Mountain Whites” were independent small farmers who
despised the Cotton Kingdom, vital to the Union during the war and
Republicans afterward.
Free Blacks: Slaves Without Masters:
● About 250,000 free Blacks in South by 1860, usually bought their
independence, but could be recaptured into slavery.
● Antiblack feeling often stronger in North than South, as many professed to
like the race, but dislike the individuals.
Plantation Slavery:
● Around 4 million black slaves (4x at beginning of century) were in the South
by 1860, although legal importation had ended in 1808
● West African Squadron seized some ships but didn’t do much to stop
importation
● The internal slave trade and natural reproduction fed the slave system for
the most part, planters often see slaves as wealth so poorer whites were
often chosen for more dangerous jobs (i.e. the Irish)
● Economic diversity fading in the South, profits bringing more slaves, slave
auctions were “brutal sights”
Life Under the Lash:
● Some laws were made to help slaves, but difficult to enforce as slaves were
forbidden to testify in court.
● Strong-willed slaves sent to breakers, who whipped slaves repeatedly to
break any resistance against slaveowners. Hurt resale value however.
● Black Belt is where most slaves were concentrated by 1860, stretching from
South Carolina to Louisiana, life much rougher as land was less settled.
● Blacks in slavery molded their own culture and religion from Christianity and
African elements. Also persisted in responsorial preaching, where crowd
responses to minister remarks with amen and other give and takes.
The Burdens of Bondage:
● Slaves denied all education, generally faced a lot of degradation
● Many “pined” for freedom (Gabriel’s Rebellion in Richmond in 1800,
Denmark Vesey in S. Carolina in 1822, Nat Turner in Virginia in 1831)
● Africans aboard the Amistad rebelled, John Quincy Adams secured their
freedom in the Supreme Court (1841)
Early Abolitionism:
● Inhumanity of “peculiar institution” caused many antislavery societies to
form, with many wanting to send blacks back to Africa. American
Colonization Society founded for this purpose in 1817, Republic of Liberia
established on West Coast of Africa for former slaves.
● Religious spirit of Second Great Awakening inflamed hearts of abolitionists,
like Theodore Dwight Weld, who was taught in New York’s Burned Over
District.
Radical Abolitionism:
● New Years day, 1831, William Lloyd Garrison published the Liberator in
Boston, others rallied to found the American Anti-Slavery Society (Wendell
Phillips a prominent figure)
● Black abolitionists (Soujourner Truth, Martin Delancey, David Walker)
played roles, the greatest of whom was Frederick Douglass who was “flexibly
practical” where Garrison was not
● Douglass turned to politics, backing the Liberty, Free Soil and Republican
Parties, mostly ending up supporting war
The South Lashes Back:
● Antislavery societies more numerous south of the Mason-Dixon Line than
north of it by 1820s. Proslavery whites argues that the Bible supported
slavery, contrasted slave conditions to overworked northerners.
● Sensitive southerners drove Gag Resolution through House of
Representatives in 1836, which required all antislavery appeals to be tabled
without debate.
● Southerners resented abolitionist literature; Washington government ended
up ordering a large scale destruction of it in 1835
The Abolitionist Impact in the North:
● Abolitionists generally unpopular in the North as well, many wanted the
Constitution upheld or had some economic stake in the South
● Mob outbursts occurred against extreme abolitionists (Reverend Elijah P.
Lovejoy offed as a “martyr abolitionist”
● By the 1850s, many free soilers in the North were opposing slavery’s
expansion to the West
CHAPTER 17
TYLER
-Harrison dies (1841), John Tyler becomes president (who was accused of being
Democrat because while he was with the Whig party)
-Tyler vetoed the bill that would create a new national bank.
-Tyler vetoed one tariff and approved a lower one
US TENSIONS
-US and British tensions arose because of literature and border disputes around
Maine
and other northeastern states.
-Caroline incident
-Webster-Ashburton Treaty established Maine border.
-British resolved to give up colonizing Oregon .
TEXAS
-1845, Texas invited for statehood
-1844 election, expansionist Democrats, Manifest Destiny supporter James Polk ran
against Whig party nominee Henry Clay
-Polk’s four goals: lower tariff, idependent treasury, acquire California/Oregon,
acquire
Texas
-US tried to purchase California and Texas, but Mexico refused
-Border disputes in Texas led to “American blood on American soil” (Mexican troops
attacked American troops at the Rio Grande)
-Polk declares war after getting permission from Congress, 1846
-John C. Freemont, successful in campaigns in California
-Zachary Taylor (hero of Buena Vista)
-General Winfield Scott captured Mexico City, which led to the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo, 1848
-Terms of Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: US receives Texas all the way up to Oregon
for
15 million and 3 million in claims
-Wilmot Proviso, 1846; popular sovereignty in territories acquired from Mexico but
was
never a federal law
CHAPTER 18
ELECTION OF 1848
-Parties split over issue of slavery (North and South) -Free Soil Party, anti-slave
-Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor won election
CALIFORNIA
-1848, gold discovered in California
-1849, California applies for statehood, and the South is scared that it would tip the
freestate slave-state ratio
-South was angry because more slaves were escaping
-Compromise of 1850: Delayed Civil War, (Clay, Calhoun, and Webster participated
in
the compromise.) Concessions to North: California became a free state, Disputed
Texas/Mexico territories given to New Mexico (free state), Abolition of slave trade
(not
slavery) in the District of Columbia.
Concessions to South: New Mexico and Utah open to popular sovereignty, Stronger
Fugitive Slave Law, Texas received 10 million dollars
ELECTION OF 1852
-Whig candidate, Winfield Scott
-Democrat candidate, Franklin Pierce (won election)
-Whigs faded because of sectional split
-Pierce looked for a water route through South America
-Clayton-Bulwer Treaty: US and Britain would not fortify waterway on the Isthmus
(ended tension between US and Britain over waterway)
EXPANSION
-Southerners secretly plotted to acquire Cuba as a slave state (Ostend Manifesto),
but
failed
-Gadsden Purchase: Helped to create a railroad pathway (bought from Mexico)
-Railroads purposed in the South and North
-Treaty of Wanghia: Trade agreement with China in 1844
-Treaty of Kanagawa: Trade agreement with Japan in 1854
KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT
-Kansas-Nebraska Act: Split the Nebraska territory into 2 states with which slavery
was
to be determined with popular sovereignty.
-Violated Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850
Drifting Towards Disunion
Stowe and Helper literary incendiaries
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Fueled by Second Great Awakening
Helped start Civil War
The Impending Crisis of the South
North and South contest for Kansas
Bleeding Kansas
Free spoilers and abolitionists financed immigration
New England Emigrant Society
Kansas supposed to be slave; Nebraska free
John Brown, violent abolitionist
Civil war in Kansas, continued until full Civil War
Lecompton Constitution, Pro-slavery constitution
1856 Election:
Buchanan, democrat, won
Dred Scott Decision (1857), Scott could not sue because he was not a citizen
Financial Crash in 1857
Over speculation
Lincoln emerges on the political scene
Epic debates between Lincoln and Douglas
John Brown: Murder or Martyr
Hero in north
Murder in south
Enhanced sectional conflict
Democrats divided in 1860
Douglas and Breckinridge nominated
Lincoln won
South started seceding, South Carolina went first
Buchanan didn’t do anything
Jefferson Davis, president of confederacy
7 states, eventually 11, withdrew from union
Boarder States, teetered on boarder
Lincoln used dubious legality to keep them in union
On April 12, 1861 the confederates attacked Fort Sumter. Lincoln took middle of the
ground solution, saying that troops sent down were for provisions only.
Brothers fought each other in border states, when they chose different sides of the
war.
At beginning South had edges, only needed to defend, whereas the North basically
needed to conquer the South, so that it would rejoin the union.
Trent affair- 1861 British ship with confederate diplomats was blocked by a Union
vessel. British built confederate ship like the Alabama, which ended up capturing
over 60 ships.
Also Laird rams, two confederate ships built by Laird and Sons in the U.K. was built
to combat Union ships.
Dominion of Canada came in 1867, from fear of U.S. messing with Canada.
Writ of Habeas Corpus was suspended during the war. Lincoln ordered the arrests
of many anti-union people.
90% of Union soldiers volunteered, but people hated the drafts. New York draft riots
were devastating to the town.
Morrill Tariff ACt increased tariff rates 5% to 10%
Greenbacks were issued, but inflation was an issue.
National Banking System- 1863 bolstered the sale of government bonds in the
markets.
North had a much stronger and more industrial economy.
Homestead ACt of 1862 pushed people West, 300,000 during the civil war.
Elizabeth Blackwell organized the U.S. sanitary commission, which kept soldiers
healthy, and trained nurses.
Chapter 21: The Civil War
Battle of Bull Run
fought July 1861 in Virginia, Union led by McDowell, poor leader, Thomas
“Stonewall” Jackson got his name-Confederate victory
Peninsula Campaign
the peninsula campaign was Lincoln’s plan to take the southern capital of Richmond
by advancing from the sea
War at Sea (Merrimack and Monitor)
the war at sea was the northern blockade of the south, the Merrimack was a
southern ship reconditioned and fitted with iron rails which threatened to break the
blockade until the monitor arrived and held the Merrimack at bay
Antietam/ Second Battle of Bull Run
Robert E. Lee crushes general john pope at the Second Battle of Bull Run, after this
lee hoped to push into the north and turn the border states but at this time
McClellan was reinstated by Lincoln. McClellan’s men found copies of lees plans and
were able to stop lees men at Antietam in what was one of the bloodiest battles of
the civil war. this battle showed the power the of the union and scared off European
powers from helping the south as well as gave Lincoln the opportunity he needed to
give the emancipation proclamation
Thirteenth Amendment
the thirteenth amendment made slavery and involuntary servitude illegal and was
ratified in 1865. after the war the south was forced to ratify this amendment
Fredricksburg
Lincoln switch commander to McClellan (sideburns) → launch full frontal attack on
Lee’s STRONG stance in Fredricksburg, more than 10,000 Union soldiers →
McClellan hand over power to Hooker
Gettysburg Address
this was an address made by Abraham Lincoln to raise morale and to make sure that
the men who died at Gettysburg had not died in vain
Western Battles (Shiloh, Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Vicksburg)
Fort Henry (Tennessee River) and Fort Donelson (Cumberland River): Grant’s first
signal success, Grant demand unconditional an immediate surrender, success in
Tennessee crucial → secure Kentucky (border state) to Union, open up Tennessee
and Georgia region
Shiloh: Grant attempt to capture Confederate north-south and east-west railroads,
Confederate victory at Shiloh foil Grant’s plan at Tennessee border
Vicksburg: Northern navy come into eastern part of Confederacy, land between
Vicksburg and Port Hudson → able to get cattle and provisions from Louisiana and
Texas; victory at Vicksburg come right after victory at Gettysburg → war in favor of
North now, Ohio River valley and Mississippi reopened to North
Sherman’s March to the Sea
William Tecumseh Sherman commanded the union army in Tennessee. in 1864 he
and his troops captured Atlanta, Georgia and then his troops proceeded to savannah
burning and pillaging in what became known as Sherman's March to the Sea. this
changed the aspect of war that only military places can be targets in war, now
everything was in danger, Sherman was reported saying “war is hell”
Black Participation
Blacks made up 10% of Union Army, proved humanity/manhood and helped them
claim citizenship later, killed at capture/not POWs, did worst jobs even in Union
Army
Emancipation Proclamation
the emancipation proclamation was an “act of war” by Honest Abe that freed slaves
in the rebelling states, but did nothing about slaves in the north or border states.
this is because lincoln could not legally free the slaves on his own in the north and
would not in the border states because he was worried he would lose their support.
Politics (Copperheads, Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War)
Copperheads- hate war, draft, Lincoln, and emancipation→ leader is Valladingham of
Ohio→ accused of treason and put in jail/banished to Confederate lines, ran for Ohio
governor while in Canada
Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War- represented radical Republicans
who distrusted the increased power of the president and the war, wanted
emancipation
Grant
threw many men at opposing army and hoped for the best, replaced Meade (Meade
lacked tenacity, never chasing down enemy to completely win battles), led
Wilderness Campaign through VA woods
Lee
lee was the general of the confederate troops, he was a powerful and experienced
general from virginia. he won and lost many decisive battles in during the war, such
losses include antietam, Gettysburg, and his surrendering at appomattox court
house.
Election of 1864
Union Party emerged as a new way to combine Republican, Peace Democrats, and
Copperheads into one big voting party, ran with Andrew Johnson versus McClellan,
Lincoln turned to despondency in fear, northern victory at Atlanta, Mobile, and
Shenandoah Valley→ increased support for Union and war effort→ soldiers vote for
Lincoln and more→ Lincoln won
Appomattox Court house
after Grant captured Richmond and burned it to the ground he cornered Lee and his
men at the Appomattox court house where Lee surrendered the southern army
Northern Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages: superior economy, trains, could sustain own economy, many more
troops, structured and established government, solid gold to support currency,
navy, Lincoln, more volunteers (immigrants), constant immigration, ⅔ population,
Ohio River, Border States
Disadvantages: soldiers and leaders=worse, had to satisfy border states, on
unfamiliar land, class conflict over buying way out of draft, poor medicine, political
disunity, Butternut region of Ohio in their way
Southern Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages: better military leaders, fighting on own land, better training, could tie
in war and still win politics, began with increased morale, small foreign aid,
“civilized” native tribes, bred to fight and ride horses
Disadvantages: no factories, few rails, Europe didn’t rely on their cotton as they had
hoped/expected, Davis→ weird constitution where states couldn’t secede, not
enough food, fewer people→ all drafted sooner, less $, couldn’t break blockade,
reliant on foreign aid which never came, poor medicine
Chapter 22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction
Radical v Moderate Republicans
radical republicans wanted reconstruction to be much harsher on the south
to both punish the south and to make sure they wouldn't slip into their old ways,
they thought that the 10% plan was far too lenient on the south. the radicals tried to
RAM the wade-davis bill through congress but it was pocket vetoed by Lincoln (this
means he just let the bill expire rather than dealing with it). moderates, this
included Lincoln, wanted to restore the union asap and were fine with the 10% plan
Results of War
leaders of Confederacy pardoned to promote amicable relations during
Reconstruction, cities of south in ruins (Sherman’s March), south lacked business,
money, morale, banking, transportation and agriculture, ¼ of Confederacy’s white
men of military age were killed in the war
Freedman’s Bureau
(1865-72)-established by congress to provide aid to newly freed blacks
led by Oliver O. Howard
although its contribution to education =huge success, the welfare side of the Bureau
regarding housing, jobs, and opportunities went into the wrong hands
“10 Percent” Reconstruction Plan
Lincoln’s plan that if 10% of the people support the union, they would be let back
into it → many unionists upset that Lincoln was not giving them the punishment
that they deserve
before his plan could be used, Lincoln was assassinated and Johnston took a slightly
different approach
his approach was -pardon for every single southern white if every state abolished
slavery and was loyal to the country
Wade-Davis Bill
of 1864 that Radical Republicans tried to enact at the beginning of reconstruction
which required a strict abolition of slavery and a 50% of voters to swear allegiance
to the union
-narrowly passed congress and Lincoln vetoed
Black codes
created in Nov. of 1865, regulated freed blacks, intentionally kept black labor force
submissive, contracts kept African Americans bound to their bosses, if skip out on
contract could buy way out with labor, low wages, deny marriage and jury, chain
gangs, NO VOTE, share cropping
Sumner and Stevens
Charles Sumner=big radical in Senate, Thaddeus Stevens= big radical in House, both
advocate black equality, want big changes before admittance of southern states into
the Union, agree needed black voters
Pacific Railroad Act
proceeding war, Republicans have full power → pass acts beneficial to North b/c no
southern voice to vote against → Pacific Railroad Act: act to help the construction of
railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean, and secure
govt to same military and mailing systems (and other stuff not mentioned)
Fourteenth Amendment
blacks were citizen, gave blacks the right to vote by penalizing states that
forbade it, people from states who didn't accept the amendment and the
constitution as a whole could not hold public office, and lifted confederate debt and
took it as the county’s as a whole
Civil Rights Bill
this was a bill that allowed blacks to be civilians in the US, allowed them to be on
juries and sought to protect them from the black codes. this bill was largely
unenforced though and did very little besides influencing the 14th amendment
Reconstruction Act
passed by congress in 1867- it divided the south into 5 military districts and
temporarily disenfranchised confederate soldiers. very inadequate bill because it
gave no help to blacks at all
Fifteenth Amendment
set up to provide constitutional protection for the suffrage provisions that were set
up in the reconstruction act.
its goal was to prohibited states from denying citizens anything on account of race
it disappointed feminists by not including all races AND genders
Ex parte Milligan
Ex Parte Milligan is a supreme court ruling that says military tribunals cannot try
civilians even in war times if a civil court is available
Redeemers
After southern states rewrite constitutions → radical republican regimes (federal
troops) leave southern states → democratic regimes (Redeemers) take control once
again
Woman’s Role Post-War
Women’s Loyal League- got 400,000 signatures on petition to get 13th amendment
passed, many women were big supporters of black suffrage, hoped for suffrage to all
with 13th→ disappointed at the unfair exclusion of women from the 13th
Union League
Originally a pro-Union in North, turn into freedmen turn into a network of political
clubs (educate members and campaign Republican candidates), mission expands to
building black churches and schools, represent black troubles to govt and local
representatives, recruiting militias to protect black communities from the white
devils
Radical Reconstruction
Reconstruction plan that believe South should be punished, follow radical repblican
ideals (supported by radical republicans)
carpetbaggers/scalawags
name for black suffrage supporters in the south, scalawags were often native
Southerners who were longtime Unionists and Whigs, carpetbaggers generally were
immigrants from the North who supported black rights
Klu Klux Klan
“Invisible Empire of the South”, founded in 1866 in Tennessee, terrorized blacks and
pro-black whites, white supremacy, lynch law, intimidated blacks out of voting
Force Acts
passed by congress following klu klux klan attacks
the acts banned klan membership/intimidation for blacks not to vote
gave the u.s. military power to enforce the acts
Tenure of Office Act
the tenure of office act said that the president could not fire anyone in his cabinet
without congress’s consent. this act was passed because congress knew that then
president andrew johnson would break it. when he did break it congress tried to
impeach but he narrowly won his trial by 1 vote
Seward’s Folly
common term for the Sec of State, William Seward, who purchased Alaska from
russia in 1867
Johnson’s Outspoken Presidency
pushed for lenient policies regarding south though he loved the union and the
constitution, stubborn, pardoned ex-Confederates due to his love of power, enjoyed
the begging, vetoed Civil Rights Bill which sprung from the Freedman’s Bureau, told
South not to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment even though Congress required it for
readmittance to the Union, wanted gradual suffrage for blacks, Tenure of Office Act
passed, but Johnson disobeyed→ impeached after dismissing Stanton, a
congressional spy→ found not guilty, people feared disorder, and it would be an
abuse of the checks and balances system, next in line was even more radical,
Johnson promised to stop vetoing all of the Republican bills
CHAPTER 23: Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age 1869-1896
-Grant nominated by republicans mainly b/c “waving the bloody shirt” (memories of
civil war) in 1868 (ran against democrat Horatio Seymour)
-republican party wanted continuation of reconstruction in the south, Grant “just
having peace”
-Jim Fisk and Jay Gould planned to corner the market on gold 1869. The Treasury
stopped this by selling gold from its reserve
-Tweed Ring=”Boss Tweed” wanted to get $200 million out of NY using bribery and
fraudulent elections. Finally Tweed was put behind bars
-Credit Mobilier Scandal 1872 Credit Mobilier Construction Company formed by
Union Pacific Railroad insiders inflated prices to build the railroad lines. Some gov’t
officials paid to keep mouths shut
-Whiskey Ring robbed Treasury of $ but the government seen guilty
-Many people were upset with Grant but he was renominated b/c didn’t want to
vote for democratic candidate Horace Greenly
-Question of greenbacks (paper money) vs. gold vs. silver. Grant vetoed bill in 1874
for paper money
-Panic of 1873 caused by overreaching and too many loans
-Gilded Age=sarcastic name given to post-Civil War by Mark Twain. Gov’t at this
time was very unstable, but Democrats and Republicans saw eye to eye on a lot of
things (still very competitive)
-On Republican side: Puritans, gov’t should regulate economic and moral affairs,
Midwest and Northeast. Democrats: Lutherans and Roman Catholics, single moral
standard, South and Northern industries cities
-Patronage=disbursing jobs in return for votes, kickbacks, and party service
-The Hayes-Tilden Standoff 1876. Hayes=Republican against Tilden=Democrat.
Tilden won popular vote and missed electoral by one vote
-Hayes president, supposed to to withdraw federal troops from Louisiana and South
Carolina, subsidizing railroad. Abandoned commitment to racial equality
-statesmen passed Compromise of 1877 which had Electoral Commission settle
dispute
-Civil Rights Act of 1875 supposedly guaranteed equality in public places and
prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection, but declared unconstitutional
- Post Reconstruction South, rich whites used “crop-lien” system (tenant farming
and sharecropping) to keep blacks perpetually in debt
- Jim Crow laws were enacted (1890s), Supreme court said okay in Plessy vs.
Ferguson (separate but equal) 1896
-1877 end of Reconstruction and time of class struggle
-Chinese discriminated and blamed for economic problems, Chinese Exclusion Act
passed which prohibited Chinese immigration until 1943
- Post-Panic of 1873, railroad workers’ wages dropped, were unhappy. Faced
soldiers which showed weakness of labor movement
-1880 election Republicans chose Garfield as candidate who ran against Arthur.
Garfield won, but was assassinated so Arthur became president
-Pendleton Act of 1883 passed which stated that government jobs should be
awarded on basis of merit. It helped drive politicians into “marriages of
convenience” with big business leaders
-Arthur died later, and 1884 election James Blaine (Rep) runs against Grover
Cleveland (Dem). Blaine was powerful and smart, but not very honest. Cleveland
had an illegitimate son, but still won
-Cleveland believed in laissez-faire, fired a lot of federal employees, looked at many
pension bills. Wanted a lower tariff, but this hurt the economy and Cleveland lost
support. Because of this, Benjamin Harrison wins the election of 1888
-Republicans wanted more seats in the government, but Speaker of the House
Thomas B. Reed of Maine dominated Congress. Convinced them to pass the
McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 which raised tax to 48.4% (farmers suffered)
-1890 Republicans lost majority in Congress
-1892 Populist party rose and chose James B. Weaver as their presidential candidate
-Homestead Strike in 1892 (industrial strike) caused by cut wages
-Populists got 22 electoral votes, but the South was unwilling to be part of Populists
because they supported blacks
-Populists showed more power of black political strength and South increased
literacy tests
-Grandfather clause exempted those who had voted in 1860 (of course didn’t
include blacks)
-Cleveland became president again in 1892, but huge depression in 1893. Not a lot
of gold, Cleveland repealed Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. Had to borrow
gold from J.P. Morgan
-Cleveland passed Wilson-Gorman Tariff in 1894 which barely lowered the
McKinley Tariff rates. Democrats suffering but Republicans doing really well
- Billion dollar Congress=lavish spendings, gave Civil War Vets pensions, increased
purchasing of silver
- McKinley Tariff Act of 1890: was bad for farmers, because they had to buy
expensive American products, then sell in a very competitive market
CHAPTER 24: Industry Comes of Age (1865-1900)
-Transcontinental railroad → promised an increase in national unity and economic
growth
-Congress donated land to the RR companies → these “land grants” were made in
broad belts along the proposed route. They could be sold by railroad companies for
a major profit.
-cities where RR passed through flourished. Towns where it was passed were
ruined.
-during the Civil War, Congress commissioned a transcontinental RR to connect
California and the West Coast with the Republic → Union Pacific RR
-Credit Mobilier (fraudulent construction company) stole millions; paid off
Congressmen to keep quiet. It was fraud in which shareholders from a bank paid
their companies to build the railroad. (Paying for themselves)
-rail laying on CA end undertaken by Central Pacific RR
-CPRR Co. employed Chinese; Union Pacific RR employed Irish
-1869, “wedding of the rails” near Ugden, Utah.
-”Commodore” Cornelius Vanderbuilt (made his millions in steamboating) welded
together, expanded older eastern networks; offered superior railway service @
lower rates → made $100 million; he helped popularize the steel rail when he
replaced the old iron tracks of the NY Central RR with steel (safer, could bear a
heavier load)
-chief financial backers: leland Stanford of CA, had useful political connection; Collis
P. Huntington, lobbyist → operated through 2 construction Co.s → made tens of
millions
-four transcontinental RRs completed
-Westing House air break, 1870s → efficiency and safety
-1860s, Pullman Palace cars
-railroads: increase in immigration, city boons, mining, agriculture
-Nov. 18, 1883, railroad standard time, divided continent into 4 time zones
-stock watering- railroad officials would bloat cattle with water before weighing
them to increase the supposed value of the company.
-Many bribes were given to protect RR. Politicians to pass favorable policy and turn
the other cheek, steam boat companies to help direct traffic.
-Formed the first “Pools.” Divided business up in an area and shared the profits.
-Wabash, St Louis, and PRC v Illinois- Illinois tried to regulate railroad, brought it to
the supreme court. Ruled definitively that the federal government will regulate
interstate commerce.
-Interstate Commerce Act, 1887- banned “pools” and rebates, forced railroads to
reveal their rates, banned unfair discrimination towards merchants. outlawed
charging more for short trips, protecting cattlemen and farmers. Also set up
Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate changes. Helped pacify the railroad
companies.
-1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.
-Andrew Carnegie: Started poor, self educated in libraries. Rose to power through
the steel industry. Pioneered vertical integration-controlling all parts of the creation
process. Sold his company to rival JP Morgan for 400 million dollars, and retired to a
life of philanthropy in which he gave the large majority of his wealth. Morgan creat
the United States Steel Corporation which was the first Billion dollar company.
-Rockefeller made his wealth in the oil industry. Perfected the trust- system where
stockholders in other companies were assigned to the board of directors to
Standard Oil Company.
-Horizontal integration- allying with competitors to monopolize a market.
-interlocking directorates (in banking)- buying out the competition and placing
members of one’s own banking house on the board of directors. Invented by JP
Morgan.
-Steel was one of the most important industries of the gilded age. US produced ⅓ of
the world’s steel. Used in the construction of railroads and skyscrapers.
-Oil was a major emergence. First use was as Kerosene in lamps until Edison made it
obsolete in 1885. Next came the automobile- oil burning proved more efficient than
coal and electricity.
-Gospel of Wealth- justified the wealthy as being chosen by God. They were given
the intelligence and skill needed to profit. Later called Social Darwinism
-Plutocracy- government by the wealthy. Had a hold on congress.
-Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 was meant to put an end to trusts. However, it had
many legal loopholes and hindered all trusts, not just negative ones
-The advent of machine made cigarettes helped the Southern economy, which
remained for the most part agricultural
-James Buchanan Duke- founder of the American Tobacco Company- donated to
Trinity College which would take his name.
-Railroads charger more going north hindering the southern economy.
-South set up many cotton mills in guilded age.
-Invention of the typewriter and the telephone switchboard gave work and
oppurtunity to women
-farming was overtaken by business. By the 1900’s the majority of the population
were working for wages.
In Unions there is strength:
-specific craft skills being replaced by manual labor
-machines replacing men
-workers wages down; forced to organize for basic rights
-workers were disposable
-workers could be blacklisted, coerced into not joining labor unions
(The thing after that section):
-1866, National Labor Union: included skilled and unskilled workers, and farmers,
discriminated against blacks and women and completed excluded the Chinese
-middle class against strikes because US workers were paid the highest in the world.
-Colored National labor union created in response to the NLU.
-Kinghts of Labor- replaced the NLU. Fromed in 1869, it remained secretive until
1881 Inclusive to all except bankers, liquor dealers, lawyers and stockbrokers.
-Haymarket Square Riot, Chicago, May 4, 1886. Policed advanced on a labor protest.
A bomb went of unexpectedly. 8 men convicted, 5 sentenced to death and 3
imprisoned. KoL blamed.
-American Federation of Labor formed in 1886 led by samuel gompers- Skilled
labor union- drove KoL down- only represented a minority of laborers.
Ch 25: America Moves to the City
Urbanization
- 1865-1900 huge growth of US cities = expand upward and outward to
accommodate growing populations,skyscrapers, dumbbell tenements, formation of
commuter traffic (trolleys, trains, overhead wires)
- cities appeal because of industrial jobs, urban lifestyle, young adults want
independence
- effects of urbanization = waste/trash without sanitation, slums, consumerism, fire
danger, high immigration = more culture, overcrowding
Immigration
- New Immigration = different from old, from China, Southern and Eastern Europe,
Jews, Croats, Slovaks, Poles, Greeks, moved to cities and created ethnic
neighborhoods (Little Italy, Chinatown), left because overpopulation in home
countries, racial discrimination (pogroms against Jews), portrayal of American
opportunity, advertisements by American companies for jobs, immigrants mostly
young men planning to go home with earnings, 2nd generation of immigrants
rejected immigrant culture
- Old immigration = from British isles, Western Europe, Germany, Ireland, adjusted
to US with support groups, unions, small communities, involved in gov and police
- Reaction to immigration = no help/safety provided by federal gov, led to formation
of unofficial city gov (Boss rings), jobs, money, clothes, housing, public amenities for
immigrants in exchange for votes
Reform in Cities
- Liberal Protestant clergymen use religious reform in slums/factories, “Social
Gospel”, christianity will lead to socialism
- Settlement Houses= Jane Addams (urban saint, pacifist) created Hull house to
provide cultural activities, English classes, childcare, counseling for immigrants,
settlement houses became focus of women’s activism and reform
- 1893 Florence Kelley led women reformers to create an Anti-Sweatshop law
(protect children and women)
- Kelley and Addams make profession of social work, more women’s activism
- Jobs for women = black women (domestic service), “native women” (social
workers, secretaries, department store clerks, telephone operators)
- “Nativism” = American Protective Association, Congress expanded exclusion act to
prevent Chinese, insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, sickly from
entering US (forced literacy test favored old immigrants), Statue of Liberty
Changes in Education, Religion, Women’s Rights
-Liberal Protestant = christianity + scientific ideals, biblical stories are models,
(Church of Christian Science, YMCA)
-Darwinism disrupts the church (evolution vs. christianity)
-More public education with tax support, free gov can’t work with ignorance
-Spread of high schools, teacher training schools (normal schools), German
kindergartens, Chautauqua movement (encourage adult learning)
-Booker T. Washington = school of agricultural/useful trades at Tuskegee Institute
(George Washington Carver =teacher),gradualism and separatism,
-WEB Dubois = rejected gradualism and separatism because allowed oppression as
manual laborers
- Universities = Morrill Act of 1862 (grant of public land to support education)
makes land grant colleges, Hatch act (money for schools, extends Morrill Act
- William James = idea of pragmatism (truth is tested by practical consequences)
- Families = under stress. launched the time of divorce, everyone in the family had to
get work and number of children decreased→ smaller families, later marriages, birth
control,
-Womens rights groups began to form→ National American Women Suffrage
Association (NAWSA)- founder Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Carrie Chapman Catt
who fought for women’s vote not because they are equal but because they had other
responsibilities to their families→ led to women getting to vote in small local
elections
-Women began the fight against alcohol with the Woman’s Christian Temperance
Union (WCTU) white ribbon symbol of purity→ led to other groups ASPCA
Popular Culture
-Yellow journalism = sensationalistic stories, scandals to attract readers, Joseph
Pulitzer and WIlliam Randolph Hearst
-Realism (to show life as it really was) became a popular form of literature
-Naturalism (apply science to the study of human behavior)
-Regionalism- wanted to highlight the local culture of America
-City Beautiful movement- caused architects and planners to use new ideas and
make cities look and have a sense of harmony, order, monumentality→ Burnham’s
first project the World’s Columbian Exposition
-People had more free time and sought fun in their lives→ fiction novels, circuses,
wild west shows, baseball football, boxing, croquet, biking,
26 The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution
Indian Affairs
-Indians die in large numbers due to disease, competition between tribes, treaties
are broken and tribes relocated
-Indian wars from 1864-1890 between Indians and whites, whites better equipped
because of new technology
-1864 Sand Creek 400 Indians murdered in cold blood, even though they were
peaceful and promised immunity
-Black Hill South Dakota had gold, rush of settlers led to Sioux Indians fighting back
(Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull), Indians defeated Custer’s army at Little Bighorn, but
later captured and killed
-Indians subdued because of RR that cut through the west, diseases, extermination
of buffalo, wars, and loss of land
-Some wanted to help Indians and help them assimilate, but some also wanted to kill
them all
-1884 law passed against the “sun dance” because whites thought it was a war
dance, turned into Battle of Wounded Knee, Indians killed and led to end of the
Indian Wars
-Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 dissolved legal entities of all tribes, but if Indians did
what whites told them (become farmers on reservations) they could become
citizens in 25 years
The West
-Western states allowed womens suffrage first: Wyoming 1869, Utah 1870,
Colorado 1893, Idaho 1896
-New meat packing industry because of Transcontinental RR
-Lawless mining cities popped up in the west
-Cowboy legend created through the Long Drive
-Homestead Act of 1862 allowed folks to receive 160 acres of land in the west but
land in the west was not as good as promised, 160 acres not enough to make a living
from
-past 100th meridian it is not easy to grow so farmers made dry farming on top of
soil, but detrimental to soil, led to dust bowl
-growing pop in the west, new states admitted
-1890 US consensus said no more frontier
-1893 Turner Thesis said America needed a frontier, because there was no longer
land left to push into, so America created national parks to preserve the wilderness
-Safety Valve Theory stated that if people didn't like where they lived, they could
move west, but without frontier this was impossible, but it turns out that cities were
the valve for those who failed in the west
-with new inventions, less need for many farmers
Unhappy Farmers
-price inflation in 1880s because of contraction (less money in circulation), less
money for people =bigger debts, farmers were hit the worst because they had 1 crop
and with low prices they weren’t getting enough
-The Grange formed in 1875,by Oliver Kelly whose goal was to improve the plight of
the farmer, turned into the Greenback labor party, who elected many to congress
-Farmers Alliance formed to overthrow the bounds farmers had from banks and RR,
and wanted to nationalize RR, abolition of national banks, graduated income tax,
and a new federal subtreasury for farmers
People’s Party
-Alliance formed the People’s Party, fueled by Panic of 1893
-Coxey’s army, led by Jacob Coxey, called for relief of unemployment by inflation
-Pullman Strike, led by Debs and workers from Pullman car company, because
wages were cut and the US attorney sent in troops because the strike was disrupting
mail
-1896 election Republican McKinley for the Gold Standard and Democrat Bryan was
for Free Silver, made “cross of gold” speech, wanted unlimited coinage of silver, had
same ideas as Populist Party
-McKinley won, demonstrating difference between privileged and unprivileged in
voters, aka big business and big city wanted McKinley
-1896 was Gold V. Silver election, America wanted Gold, McKinley in office raises
tariff to 46.5%