Writing for Music:
An Academic Resource for the Successful
Completion of Graduate Assignments
Prepared by Kimberly Greene, Ph. D. candidate in Musicology at the CGU Music Department,
in coordination with Robert Zappulla, Interim Associate Dean of the CGU Music Department, and
Katya Fairbanks, Director of the CGU Writing Center and Global Communications
Effective writing, consistent formatting, and the adherence to the accepted guidelines for citations remain
continuing challenges for most graduate students. In order to maintain the highest academic standards of music scholarship and to
address the complex of discipline-related writing issues, this resource provides departmental guidelines with sample excerpts for
assignments, semester projects, abstracts, dissertation proposals, and program notes. Examples of formatting for music analysis
and musical examples, access to the discipline’s citation and writing guide, ♪ The Chicago Manual of Style, and other
recommended resources are also included.
Please be aware that professor-mandated requirements supercede the ensuing discussion and the examples.
Music Department Assignments
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Basic Methodology and the Components of Essays and the Hypothetical Paper
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Presentations (Weekly Assignments)
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Program Notes
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Dissertation Proposals
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Abstracts
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Bibliography
Examples
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Program Notes
Abstract
Bibliography
End Notes
Musical Analysis and Textual Translation Formatting
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Musical Analytical Methods & Formatting
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Examples of Musical Inserts
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Literary Text and Translation Inserts (Vocal Literature)
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Printed Writing Resources
Online Resources for Citations, English Usage, Foreign Languages, and Music Research
The Presentation
(Weekly Assignments)
Due to the diversity of subject, content, and the varying requirements of the professors, graduate students should carefully consider
the purpose and organization of each presentation.
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Regardless of the media of presentation, the following approach should be employed:
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Design the presentation surrounding the central subject and clearly identify the underlying issue (s) of the assignment.
For example, the student should consider and formulate an answer as to why the composer, composition, or other
subject is worthy of investigation, how the composition (s) of composer reflects the stylistic aesthetics of his period,
and what implications arise from a study of his/her musical contribution
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Presentation Structure, usually in an outline forma, supplemented by student commentary:
• Section I: The Purpose of Presentation—the central issue (s) should be stated, well-researched, and replaces the
formal thesis statement (unless otherwise advised)
• Section II: Preliminary historical events, musical trends and developments, biographic material, and pertinent
treatises that relate directly to the purpose of the presentation (avoid the tendency of including extensive
biographical information)
• Section III: Observations regarding the subject with collaboration from reliable sources is recommended, as
well as, the identification of the genre (s), the musical characteristics, and the stylistic elements evidenced in the
composition, such as galanter Stil of the Classical period.
• Section IV: Formal musical analysis and musical analysis are customary for most presentations
• Section V: Full citations, and locations of the manuscripts, early printed, and critical/comparative editions
should be listed in the outline
(In-class facsimile editions of the manuscripts, other sources, and access to sound recordings enhance any
presentation)
• Section VI: Source Bibliography—all sources used in the presentation, using Chicago Manual of Style citation
method
• Section VII: Questions & Response—student should be prepared to answer questions and to substantiate his
responses, using the recognized sources
♪ Chicago Manual of Style
Basic Methodology and the Components of Essays and the Hypothetical Paper Project:
Basic Methodology
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Standard Formatting: Aligned at the left margin, left margin 1'', double-spaced, Times New Roman font, 12 pt. font
Regardless of the concentration in the field, each graduate student should approach essays, projects, and presentations systematically:
Procedures & Structure:
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Select an appropriate subject for investigation, with the necessary approval of the professor
Research primary and secondary sources through the Libraries of the Claremont Colleges’ Blais Library Catalog,
Databases (Grove On-line), Electronic Journals (JSTR), InterLibrary Loan, Link+, Melvyl, RISM, World Cat, etc.
Consider and obtain the appropriate musical edition of the work (s) to be discussed, such as facsimiles and early
printed editions, critical editions, and performance editions
Study the sources regarding the subject and formulate the thesis—the statement should indicate not only the content of
the paper, but should also indicate what will be demonstrated and supported by the research (Frequently, writing a
rough abstract assists in the development of a thesis statement)
Formulate a loose outline of the major categories to be investigated
Gather source information and research these major categories
Create the subordinate sub-divisions of the outlines from this research—usually the outline should consist of three or
four tiers with the standard formatting: First tier, Roman numeral; second tier, uppercase letter; third tier, numeral; and
fourth tier, lowercase letter, etc.
For greater efficiency in the organization and completion of the Hypothetical paper, prepare the End Notes and outline
simultaneously
The bibliography should be generated from the endnotes or footnotes and then supplemented with credible supporting
material directly related to the thesis, the supporting arguments, and the evidence
Recommendations for an Effective Essay:
– For a more persuasive presentation of important arguments, essays should be developed from the completed outline
– Essays should include a brief introduction to the subject, a clearly-defined thesis statement, supporting arguments and
evidence (body of the paper), and a concise, non-repetitive summary
– Generally, each paragraph of the essay should begin with a topic sentence, be followed by three to four sentences of
support or clarification, and finish with a closing statement, or a statement of transition to the subsequent paragraph
– A fine summary should not just consist of a re-statement of the thesis, but should incorporate the writer’s rationale in
such a way as to convince the reader of the validity of the arguments and stimulate interest or additional debate
Program Notes
Regardless of the length designated by the department, program notes should be written to enhance the
understanding of the performance for an “educated” audience
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Full name of composer, including birth and death dates
Full Title of Composition, including opus number, movement name, and the date of the composition or the
first performance
Introduction: the composer’s historical significance and his/her compositional contribution
Introduction to the work and the relevant circumstances surrounding its composition
Description of the composition: genre, form, characteristics, noteworthy musical events, and pertinent
performance considerations
Include significant supplemental information, such as brief side-by-side translations for vocal works
Avoid overly technical and analytical language, as well as trite, poetic descriptions of the music
♪ Program Notes—Example
The Dissertation Proposal
The intention of the dissertation proposal is to demonstrate to the faculty the intention and scope of the student’s
research into a given subject, the viability of the project, the methodology to be implemented, and the
relevance of such an inquiry to the discipline.
Structure: (15-50 pages)
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Proposed Title, author’s name
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Introduction—a brief introduction to the issues and fundamental questions surrounding the subject of the
dissertation
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Statement of Intent—a precise statement of what the dissertation will demonstrate, prove, or add to the
current research in the discipline
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State of Research—an account of the pertinent historical and contemporary scholarship, the general
assessment regarding the issues of the dissertation subject already completed by these scholars, and the
nature and scope of the research yet to be thoroughly investigated—
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Methodology—an explanatory section that addresses the organization of the intended research and the
probable findings. This section should include chapter designations and describe the research methods as
they relate to the central issues and fundamental questions of the dissertation subject
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Summary—a brief conclusion of the proposal that indicates the importance of the subject and its
significance to the discipline
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Bibliography—a detailed bibliography, including sources generated from the initial research of the
dissertation proposal and important primary and secondary sources necessary for the completion of the
dissertation
♪ Chicago Manual of Style
Abstracts
Abstracts serve as an authoritative and persuasive summary of a paper, thesis, dissertation, article,
document or book. An abstract should include a description of the issues or subject of the
paper, the methods employed, and the conclusions of the paper. Abstracts are usually written
after the work has been completed, range from one paragraph to 150 words, and appear after
the title page.
Structure:
• Title: the word “Abstract” appears as the title
• Introduction: several sentences introducing the subject and the issues addressed in the paper
• Body: a detailed description of the subordinate points, the arguments or material researched,
and how these support the central subject (thesis)
• Summary: the significance of the paper to the discipline and any implications or projections
for future inquiry
• Since abstracts are continuously used by libraries and are included in research databases,
include key words and relevant periods, genres, composers, compositions, and
transdisciplinary subject terminology
♪ Abstract—Example
The Bibliography
♪ The Chicago Manual of Style (Link)
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The key to a successful bibliography remains a keen attention to detail and a strict adherence to the citation
formatting of The Chicago Manual of Style
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Although the general format of a formal bibliography consists of an alphabetical listing of all sources, the
professors may require the organization of the bibliography into categories that distinguish between
primary, secondary, and by the type of source cited
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Primary sources consist of original works from the time period examined or works that originated shortly
after the events and present the perspective of a direct participant or actual spectator of the event.
Primary sources include:
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Facsimiles of manuscripts and printed editions
Concert reviews written during the period
Autobiographies, journals, diaries, letters
Artwork created during the period
Original literary works of the period
Public documents originating from the period
Treatises written during the period discussed, etc.
Secondary sources are chronologically removed from the events under discussion. Secondary sources
examine, interpret, and provide commentary regarding the subjects and events generating from primary
sources, and include:
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Published works removed from the period under discussion, such as journal articles, books, documentaries,
newspapers, and conference proceedings
Recordings removed from the period discussed
Discussions available on Internet sites and in databases, etc.
Bibliography (continued)
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Types of Sources (examples)
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Books (Printed Material)
Reviews
Conference Proceedings
Journal Articles and other Periodicals (Newspapers)
Music Scores
Electronic Databases
Internet Sources
Recordings (CDs and DVDs)
Basic Formatting Difference Between the Notes and the Bibliography
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Contrary to the Note formatting, bibliographies begin with the last name of the author or editor and begin (flush) at the
left margin with the second line indented by one tab or five spaces
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Bibliography format—Notice that the last name is flush with the left border, while the second line is indented
Gottsched, Johann Christoph. Versuch einer Kritischen Dichtkunst. Leipzig: Breitkopf, 1730. Reprint, Darmstadt:
Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1989.
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Note format—Notice that both the superscript numeral and the citation is indented one tab or five spaces, and includes
the page number
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Johann Christoph Gottsched, Versuch einer kritischen Dichtkunst (Leipzig: Breitkopf, 1730; reprint, Darmstadt:
Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1969), 72.
The Bibliography (continued)
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Examples of Composite Entries:
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Essay/component part of a volume of a multi-volume work with differing editors for both the volume and the
work as a whole:
Littlejohns, Richard. “Early Romanticism.” In The Literature of German Romanticism, ed. Dennis F. Mahoney.
The Camden House History of German Literature, ed. James Hardin, no. 8, 61-78. Rochester: Camden House, 2001.
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Musical work in a collection by a composer with an editor
Schumann, Clara. “Lorelei.” Sämtliche Lieder für Singstimme und Klavier. Edited by Joachim Draheim and Brigitte Höft.
Vol. 2. Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1992.
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Listing of several printed editions of collected works by one author—whole and separate volumes
Heine, Heinrich. Gespräche, Briefe, Tagebücher, Berichte seiner Zeitgenossen. Edited by Hugo Bieber. Berlin:
Welt Verlag, 1926.
———. Heinrich Heine: Sämtliche Schriften. Edited by Klaus Briegleb. Vol. 1, Die Heimkehr. Munich: Carl Hanser
Verlag, 1968.
———. Sämtliche Werke. Edited by G. Böhnenblust. Vol. 1, Gedichte. Leipzig: Insel Verlag, 1911.
———. Werke und Briefe. Edited by Hans Kaufmann, Gotthard Erler, and Eva Kaufmann. 10 vols. Berlin: Aufbau Verlag,
1961-64.
♪ Bibliography--Example
Example Pages
Program Notes
Chansons de Bilitis, L 90 (1897-98)
Achille-Claude Debussy (1862-1918)
Claude Debussy remains France’s most renowned fin-de siècle composer and the leading figure of French musical Impressionism.
Frequenting the Parisian salons of the most celebrated Impressionist artists and Symbolist poets of the day, Debussy was inspired
to compose his most memorable works: the ballet Prélude à l’après-midi d’un faune (1894); the set of orchestral suites Nocturnes
(1897-99), La Mer (1903-5) and Images (1905-12); the opera Pelléas et Mélisande (1893-1902); and numerous chansons (songs).
After having mastered the chanson genre through a series of conventional, but beautiful compositions, the composer shattered the
traditional boundaries by liberating the melody from formal harmonic structures. His repertoire is distinguished by gentle, yet
dramatic melodic vocal lines that aptly transmit the poetic meaning in delivery and in construction, and by an equally independent
and supportive piano part. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Debussy’s harmonic language is embedded with lyricism,
dissonance, and colorful tone clusters that are often based upon the whole tone scale. Notably, his contribution to the repertory
became known as the French mélodie.
In 1897, Debussy and his friend, the poet Pierre Louÿs (1870-1925), publicly announced their discovery of a collection of erotic
poems from the crumbling tomb of the ancient Greek poetess Bilitis. Despite the ensuing scandal when the story proved to be a
blatant fabrication, the cycle of three songs Chansons de Bilitis contains some of the composer’s most remarkable musical
moments: “La Flûte de Pan” depicts Bilitis’ inauguration into the sexual realm of her lover and teacher; “La Chevelure” evokes a
tableau of mature and sensual love through the description of the erotic dream of her lover; while “La Tombeau des Naïades”
concludes the cycle with Bilitis following her lover through an icy forest in a fruitless effort to rekindle a love he no longer desires.
(When appropriate, the side-by-side poems and translations should follow)
♪ Literary Text and Translation Inserts (Vocal Literature)--Example
Abstract
This inquiry confronts the inequity between the musical achievement of women composers and their male
counterparts in an effort to expose the effects of German gender essentialism on the musical production of women active
during the nineteenth century and the socio-cultural restrictions that hindered their aesthetic and musical development. The
resulting psychological manifestations of gender-related oppression are chronicled through a discussion of the lives,
writings, and Lieder of the following exceptional women: Bettine von Arnim (1785-1859); Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel
(1805-1847); Johanna Kinkel (1810-1858); Josefine Lang (1815-1880); and Clara Wieck Schumann (1819-1896). The
correspondence between the literary and musical realms is offered to substantiate the significance of the literarischer Salon
in the aesthetic advancement of women and to demonstrate the propagation of the gender-biased perspectives of feminine
identity through important literary works, including Johann von Gœthe’s (1749-1832) Faust: Der Tragödie erster Teil
(Tübingen, 1808); Adelbert von Chamisso’s (1781-1831) poetic cycle Frauenliebe und Leben (Berlin, 1830); and the
encapsulation of the Rhine legend, the Loreleysage, in the poem “Ich weiss nicht was soll es bedeuten” (1824) by Heinrich
Heine (1797-1856). The discussion concludes with a substantial comparative analysis of the characteristics of the
hausmusikalische Lied and the Kunstlied and their relationship to “An Thyrsis” (Vienna, 1781) by Franz Joseph Haydn
(1739-1809); to Frauenliebe und Leben, op. 42 (Leipzig, 1840) by Robert Schumann (1810-1856); and to the Loreleysage
Lieder of Friedrich Silcher (1789-60), Franz Liszt (1811-1886), Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel, Johanna Kinkel, and Clara
Wieck Schumann.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Acton, Lord. “German Schools of History.” The English Historical Review 1, no. 1
(January 1886): 7-42.
Anderson, Margaret, and Mimi Clar. “Lorelei.” Western Folklore 18, no. 1 (January
1959): 52.
Anson-Cartwright, Mark. “Chromatic Features of E-Flat Major Works of the Classical
Period.” Music Theory Spectrum 22, no. 2 (Autumn 2000): 177-204.
Applegate, Celia, and Pamela Potter. “Germans as the ‘Peoples of Music’: Genealogy of
an Identity.” In Music and German National Identity. Edited by Celia Applegate and
Pamela Potter, 1-36. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2002.
Bartsch, Cornelia. “Fanny Hensel (1805-1847).” In Vom Salon zur Barrikade, ed.
Irina Hundt, 241-54. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler Verlag, 2002.
Baumann, Ursula. “Religion und Emanzipation: Konfessionelle Frauenbewegung in
Deutschland.” Tel Aviver Jahrbuch für deutsche Geschichte 21 (1992): 171-206.
Baym, Nina. Woman’s Fiction. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1978.
Bermingham, Ann. “The Aesthetics of Ignorance: The Accomplished Woman in the
Culture of Connoisseurship.” Oxford Art Journal 16, no. 2 (1993): 3-20.
Biba, Otto. “Schubert’s Position in Viennese Musical Life.” 19th-Century Music
3, no. 2 (November 1979): 106-13.
Bing, Richard J. Review of “Music and Medicine: Hummel, Weber, Mendelssohn,
Schumann, Brahms, Bruckner,” by Anton Neumayr. Nature and Medicine 3
(September 1976): 1044-46.
Biser, Frederick. “Early Romanticism and the Aufklärung.” In What is Enlightenment?:
Eighteenth-Century Answers and Twentieth-Century Questions, ed. James Schmidt,
317-29. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.
Booth, Alison. “Biographical Criticism and the ‘Great’ Man of Letters: The Example of
George Eliot and Virginia Woolf.” In Contesting the Subject: Essays in the
Postmodern Theory and Practice of Biography and Biographical Criticism, ed.
William H. Epstein, 85-108. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1993.
Notes
1. Janis Bergman-Carton, “Women of Ideas in France,” in The Women of Ideas in French Art, 1830-1848 (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1995), 5-18. For a detailed history of the socio-political environs of the ancien régime, see Emmanuel le Roy Ladurie, The Ancien
Régime: A History of France, 1610-1774 (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1996); and Pierre Goubert and Daniel Roche, Les français et l’ancien
régime: la société et l’État, vol. 1, ed. Armand Colin (Paris: Éditions Armand Colin, 1992).
2. Joan B. Landes, “The Gendered Republic,” in Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of Revolution (Ithaca: Cornell University
Press, 1988), 169-200; and Joan Wallach Scott, “The Duties of the Citizen: Jeanne Deroin in the Revolution of 1848,” in Only Paradoxes to
Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 57-124. For a general historical account of the
revolution, see François Furet and Mona Ozouf, eds., A Critical History of the French Revolution, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1989); and Donald M. G. Sutherland, France 1789-1815: Revolution and Counterrevolution (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1986). For further investigation into the Republican depiction of “heroic” women, see Maurice Agulhon, Marianne into Battle:
Republican Imagery and Symbolism in France, 1789-1880 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); and Eric Hobsbawm, “Man and
Woman in Socialist Iconography,” History Workshop 6 (Autumn 1978): 121-138.
3. Janis Bergman-Canton, “Le Monde Renversé: July Monarchy Typologies of the Woman of Ideas,” in The Women of Ideas in French
Art (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 13-14.
4. Bergman-Canton, “Le Monde Renversé,” 15-16. For clarification of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s theory of the role of woman, see
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, “Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inéqualité parmi les hommes,” ed. Bernard Gagnebin in Œuvres
complètes, 3 vols. (Paris: Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, 1959-64); and Louise d’Epinay, Conversations d’Emilie (Paris: Plombeaux, 1784). For
further investigation into the role of women and feminist inquiry, Christoph Meiners (1788-1800), History of the Female Sex: A View of the
Habits, Manners and Influence of Women, among All Nations, from the Earlier Ages to the Present Time, trans. F. Schober, 4 vols. (London:
R. Juigné, 1808); and the contemporary discussions, Eve Tavor Banner, The Domestic Revolution: Enlightenment Feminisms and the Novel
(Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2000); and Darline Gay Levy, Harriet Branson Applewhite, and Mary Durham Johnson, eds.,
Women in Revolutionary Paris 1789-95 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979).
Musical Analytical Methods & Considerations of Formal Design in Compositions
Musical analytical methods vary, are period-appropriate, and include some of the following:
–Analysis of a composition through the expression of mode, structural pillars, counterpoint, harmonic progression, chromaticism and
ambiguous tonality
–Notational Analysis
–Rhetorical Method Analysis
–Analysis of the overall compositional form
•Binary form
•Ternary form (Rounded binary form)
•Ritornello form
•Da capo aria and recitative form and their function in the dramatic narrative
•Theme and variation form
•Song and Vocal Ensemble forms: German bar, strophic, thorough-composed, etc.
•Concerto, Sonata, Sonata Allegro, Rondo forms, etc.
–Thematic, motivic, and the analysis of subjects, imitations, tone rows and their manipulations
–Traditional melodic, intervallic, rhythmic, and functional harmonic analysis (Hugo Riemann)
– Intervallic cell analyses
–Schenkerian prolongation analysis (Heinrich Schenker)
–Psychological approaches to analysis (Leonard B. Meyer, Rudolph Reti)
–Textual modes, prosodic, poetic and musical setting analyses
–Accentuation, articulation, and musical phrase analysis
–Rhythmic structure analysis (Grosvenor Cooper, Ernst Bloch, Edward T. Cone, and Leonard B. Meyer)
–Historical performance practice analysis & reception theory and analysis (Clive Brown, Colin Lawson, Robin Stowell, Bruce Haynes,
Roland Jackson)
Formatting Musical Examples:
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Musical insert examples include textual overlays
Musical examples depicting form utilize measure numbers and alphabetical letters for section delineation
♪ Musical Form Example: created with standard formatting, enhanced by AutoShapes—icon usually found on the
bottom toolbar of Microsoft Word and on PowerPoint programs
Musical Inserts—Computer Instructions
Apply formatting on inserts that are scanned from a printed source, generated from Finale software or copied from
databases, internet sites and digital files, by using the Printscreen function (available on most computers)—
Achieved by pressing the Printscreen button on the keyboard and by pasting it to the word document
Next, click on the insert tab on the toolbar and, using the picture toolbar, set it “Behind the Text”
Overlay AutoShapes, Roman Numerals (Harmonic Analysis), or add text using the textbox (bottom toolbar)
Musical inserts should be cropped well (Picture toolbar χχ icon) and are positioned after a paragraph
The appropriate line spacing, framing the insert, consists of 3 single lines above and below the text
All examples should be labeled using the appropriate format, for example:
Fig. 1. Composer’s Name, Name of Work, mm. 1-8.
♪ Musical Insert Example
Textual Example of Form Analysis
Musical Example Formatting
Textual Overlay of a Musical Example
Literary Example of Text & Translation
Printed Writing Resources
Bellman, Jonathan. A Short Guide to Writing About Music. New York: Longman Press,
2000.
Boyle. David J., Richard K. Fiese, and Nancy Zavac. A Handbook for Preparing
Graduate Papers in Music. Ithaca: Halcyon Press, 2001.
Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed.
Montgomery, Michael, and John Stratton. The Writer’s Hotline Handbook. New York:
New American Library, 1981.
Morris, William, and Mary Morris, eds. Harper Dictionary of Contemporary Usage.
New York: Harper & Row, 1975.
Strunk, William. The Elements of Style. New York: Cornell University Press, 1918.
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 7th ed.
Walker, R., and Todd Taylor. The Columbia Guide to Online Style, 2d ed. New York:
Columbia University Press, 2006.
Walters, Darrel. The Readable Thesis: A Guide to Clear and Effective Writing.
New Haven: Avocus Publishing, 1999.
Weidenborner, Stephen, and Dominick Caruso. Writing Research Papers: A Guide to
the Process. Boston: St. Martin’s Press, 2001.
Wingell, Richard J. Writing About Music: An Introductory Guide. Englewood Cliffs:
Prentice Hall, 1990.
Online Resources for Citations, English Usage, Foreign Languages, and Music Research
♪ Chicago Manual of Style
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html
♪ English Grammar (Online): Grammar Reference & Exercises
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar
♪ French/English Dictionary & Translation Resources (Online)—Coming Soon
♪ German/English Dictionary & Translation Resources (Online)—Coming Soon
♪ Grove Music, New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (Online)
♪ Jstor Database of Academic Journals (Online)
♪ Project Muse, Scholarly Journals (Online)
♪ RISM Abstracts of Music Literature
Strunk The Element of Style (Online)
http://www.crockford.com/wrrrld/style.html