Communication
Nursing 103
Factors Influencing the
Communication Process
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Development
Values and
Perceptions
Roles and
Relationships
Environment
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Congruence
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Interpersonal Attitudes
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Gender
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Personal Space
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Territoriality
Barriers to Communication
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Stereotyping
Agreeing and
Disagreeing
Being defensive
Challenging
Probing
Testing
Rejecting
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Changing topics and
subjects
Unwarranted
reassurance
Passing judgment
Giving common
advice
Communication With Children
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Infants: Communicate
through senses. Touch
is important
Toddlers and
Preschoolers: Give them
time to respond.
Picture drawing used to
communicate
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School-Age Children:
Talk at eye level.
Include child in
conversation
Adolescents: Build
rapport. Active
listening, nonjudgemental, nonreactive.
Communication with the
Elderly
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Physical or Cognitive
problems
Sensory deficits
Cognitive
impairment;dementi
a
Neurological deficits
R/T stroke-paralysis
or aphasia
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Obtain appropriate
resources to improve
interaction and
socialization
Simple, face to face
conversations
Include family/friends
Use reminiscing to
maintain memory and
self identity.
Communication and the
Nursing Process
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Assessing: Determine communication
barriers or problems
Diagnosing: Determining the nursing
diagnosis R/T the etiology of the
communication impairment.
Planning: Nurse and client plan desired
outcomes to resolve factors impairing
communication
Communication and the
Nursing Process
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Planning: Plans ways to promote more
effective communication
Implementing: Nursing interventions to
assist client with achieving more
effective communication.
Communication and the
Nursing Process
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Evaluating: Listen attentively, observe
nonverbal cues, use therapeutic
communication to determine if the
client is effectively communicating.
Process Recording
Interviewing
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Directive Interview
Nondirective
Interview
Rapport
Types of Questions
 Closed Questions
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Open-ended
Questions
The Interview and the Setting
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Time: Comfortable, convenient, pain free
Place: Free of distraction and interruptions
Seating: 45 degree angle in bed
Distance: 1-3 feet; Men require more space
than women; anxiety increases need for
space.
Language: Translate medical terminology
Stages of the Interview
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The Opening: Most important part
Establishing Rapport: Create goodwill and
trust
Orientation: Explains the purpose of the
interview
The Body: Client expresses what he or she
thinks to questions from the nurse.
The Closing: Nurse terminates when
information is collected. Or, client terminates.
Review
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Belief that others can
help and will help
Open and
authentic,spontaneous,
nondefensive.
Concerned with helping
others
Assures client of getting
quality care
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Put yourself in another’s
position;communicate
that you understand the
client’s reality and
feelings
Willingly receives the
client’s honest feelings
and actions without
judgment.