• 1/20 Focus:
– Early Humans survived by hunting and
gathering until some people began to
practice agriculture about the end of the
last ice age
• Do Now:
– Identify one group that helped preserve
Greek and Roman knowledge after the fall of
Rome.
Midterm Review
Subsistence
farming
Primary Source
Cultural Diffusion
Secondary Source
Natural Barriers
Ethnocentrism
Timeline
Cultural Diffusion
Natural Barriers
Primary Source
Secondary Source
Subsistence
farming
• Timeline
• Ethnocentrism
•
•
•
•
•
• The exchange of ideas, customs,
goods, and technologies among
cultures
• Mountains, deserts, oceans are
examples of factors that limit
the movement of groups of
people
• A first hand source of
information
• Sources of information that
usually occur after the event
happened
• Farming enough just to survive
• a tool which shows the
chronological order of events
• Belief that one’s culture is
superior to all others
Sample Questions
1. The main purpose of a time line is to
show the
(1) causes and effects of wars
(2) location of important places
(3) benefits of modern civilizations
(4) chronological relationship between
events
2. Which source of information is
considered a primary source?
(1) travel diary of Ibn Battuta
(2) modern novel about the Golden Age of
Islam
(3) textbook on the history of North Africa
(4) dictionary of English words adapted from
Arabic
3. Which document is an example of a
primary source?
(1) a novel on the Age of Discovery
(2) a diary of a Holocaust survivor
(3) a textbook on Latin American history
(4) an encyclopedia article on Songhai
culture
4. The term “subsistence farmers” refers
to people who grow
(1) enough food to feed an entire village
(2) food to sell in village markets
(3) just enough food to meet the needs of
the immediate family
(4) a single cash crop
Primary Source
Secondary Source
Journal Entry
Textbook
Video showing President
Wikipedia entry
Kennedy being assassinated
about ancient China
Autobiography
Newspaper article
written during the
Civil War
Documentary on
Ancient Egypt
Biography
Description
• Study of ancient remains
and artifacts of culture
• Study of the exchange of
goods and services;
scarcity of resources
• Study of the earth and its
features, location;
movement of people
• Study of society
• Study of historical events;
uses primary sources
• Study of the origin,
physical development, and
culture of humans
Fields of Study
•
•
•
•
•
•
Archeology
Economics
Geography
Sociologist
History
Anthropology
Sample Questions
1. Which social scientist primarily studies how
people change resources into goods and
services?
(1) archaeologist
(2) economist
(3) sociologist
(4) psychologist
2. Which social scientists are best known for
studying the physical artifacts of a culture?
(1) geographers
(2) economists
(3) archaeologists
(4) sociologists
3. Which aspect of social science would a geographer be most likely study?
(1) how beliefs influence a group
(2) how economic events influence history
(3) how location influences how we live
(4) how people make decisions about government
• The belief that human life began in the Great
Rift Valley or East Africa is known as
the__________________ theory. A leading
archeologist who supports this theory is Mary
_______________
Answers:
Out of Africa
Theory
Leakey
• Nomadic people
• Basic stone age tools
such as flint
• Primarily
hunter/gathers
• Moved with their food
sources
• Start of Agriculture
• Domestication of
Animals
• Farming communities
developed
• Allowed for the birth of
cities and then
civilizations
• A major turning point in
human history
Sample Questions
1. The Neolithic Revolution is considered a turning point in history because it
(1) influenced climatic changes
(2) included the domestication of plants and animals
(3) encouraged a nomadic lifestyle
(4) caused a decline in population
2. The Neolithic Revolution was characterized by the
(1) change from nomadic herding to settled farming
(2) growth of iron tool-making technology
(3) migration of early peoples to the Americas
(4) decline of large empires
3. What was an important result of the Neolithic Revolution?
(1) Food supplies became more reliable.
(2) New sources of energy became available.
(3) People became more nomadic.
(4) Populations declined.
Art/Architecture
Organized
Religion
Cities
Job Specialization
Government
Public Works
System of Writing
Social Classes
River Valley Civilizations
• List three common characteristics
found in each of these locations.
• Identify the civilization that each geographic characteristic
is most closely associated.
Nile River Valley
Himalayas (2)
Khyber Pass
Tigris & Euphrates
Waterfalls and
Sahara Desert
Fertile Crescent
Yellow River
Indus River
Monsoons
Gobi Desert
Hindu Kush
Natural Barriers (3)
Unpredictable
River flooding (3)
Predictable Flooding (1)
Lack of Natural Barriers
• Identify the civilization that each term is
associated with:
Ziggurats
Mohenjo-Daro
Pyramids
Dynastic Cycle
Harappa
Mandate of Heaven
Book of the Dead
Aryans
Hanging Gardens of
Babylon
Hieroglyphics
Cuneiform
Pharaohs
Han Dynasty
Caste System
Maurya and Gupta
Empires
Gilgamesh
Sample Questions
These architectural achievements best indicate that
(1) advanced technology existed in early civilizations
(2) religion was of little importance
(3) entertainment was important to these ancient societies
(4) trade routes existed between China and the Americas
One similarity between the ancient civilizations in Egypt and in
China is that they developed
(1) nomadic lifestyles
(2) monotheistic belief systems
(3) democratic governments
(4) written forms of communication
• 1/21 Focus:
• Early empires had different ideas about
government and the role of citizens.
• Athens in Greece developed the form of
government known as democracy and
Rome developed the republic.
• Do Now:
– What is Dharma?
• Early humans believed
that everything living
and nonliving in nature
has a spirit this is
known as
Animism
_____________
• Belief in many gods
• Belief in one god
• All religions have
rules or codes of
behavior
–
–
–
–
10 Commandments
Five Pillars
Eightfold Path
Five Relationships
• Polytheism
• Monotheism
•
•
•
•
Judaism and Christianity
Islam
Buddhism
Confucianism
•
•
•
•
•
Reincarnation
Dharma
Karma
Moksha
Nirvana
• The cycle of birth,
death, and rebirth
• The moral and religious
duties expected of a
person
• What you do in this life
effects your next life
• Union with the Brahman
(Atman)
• enlightenment
– Compare and contrast Hinduism and
Buddhism
Eightfold Path
Karma
Dharma
Brahman
Moksha
Nirvana
Four Noble Truths
No founder
Reincarnation
Atman
The Caste System
Founded by Siddhartha
Guatma
• Philosophies (Confucianism, Legalism, Taoism)
– Identify the philosophy associated with each
term, name, or statement
The Five Relationships
Seek a balance with nature
Lao Tzu
“The Way”
Harsh penalties for breaking laws
Filial Piety
Strict control of education
and free thinking
Placed high value on education
rather than punishment
Sample Questions
1. One way in which the Five Relationships, the Ten Commandments,
and the Eightfold Path are similar is that they:
(1)promote polytheism
(2)provide codes of behavior
(3)establish gender equality
(4)describe secularism
2. Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are similar in that they all ask their
followers to
(1)believe in reincarnation
(2)strive for nirvana
(3) follow a code of behavior
(4) practice polytheism
Sample Questions
3. Which action is most closely associated with polytheism?
(1)praying in a synagogue
(2)worshipping many gods
(3) accepting the Eightfold Path
(4) reading the Koran
4. The five relationships taught by Confucius encouraged people to
(1) improve their position in life
(2) maintain social and political order
(3) respect and worship nature
(4) serve the needs of religious leaders
Sample Questions
5. Which factor most influenced a person’s social position in early
Indian societies?
(1)education
(2)geographic location
(3) birth
(4)individual achievement
• Buddhism is introduced into Japan around A.D. 1200.
• Islam extends from the Middle East into Spain by A.D. 732.
• Catholic and Protestant missionaries bring Christianity to Africa in the 1800s.
6. Each of these statements reflects the concept of
(1) cultural diffusion
(2) civil disobedience
(3) urbanization
(4) isolationism
• Earliest evidence of codified law;
eye for an eye if citizens are of
equal classes
• Code of Law in Ancient Rome
• Developed by the Emperor
Justinian; preserved Roman Law
• Developed during the Maurya
Dynasty in India; displayed on
Pillars throughout the empire
• Code of
Hammurabi
• 12 Tables of
Rome
• Justinian’s
Code
• Pillars of
Asoka
Sample Questions
1. The Code of Hammurabi was a major contribution to the
development of civilization because it
(1)treated citizens and slaves equally
(2)recorded existing laws for all to see
(3) ended all physical punishment
(4) rejected the principle of filial piety
2. The importance of the Code of Hammurabi, the Twelve Tables,
and the Justinian Code is that they
(1)established legal principles
(2)provided religious freedom
(3) instituted democratic governments
(4) promoted equality for all classes
• Geography
– Mountainous terrain led to the
formation of
__________________
– Greece is a
__________________
surrounded by the Aegean,
Ionian, and Mediterranean Sea
– Coastline of Greece is
irregular which gives them
natural _________________
• City States
• Peninsula
• Harbors
Athens
• Practiced direct
democracy
• Citizens played a direct
role in government
• Focused on education
• Socrates, Plato, and
Aristotle emphasized
philosophy and reason
Sparta
• Focused on Military
• Education was focused
on military training
• 1/22 Focus:
– The world’s first civilizations developed in
River Valleys.
– The people of these civilizations not only
formed empires but developed writing and
religious traditions
• Do Now:
– Identify one early form of writing
• Established a large empire that
spread from Greece to India and
spread into the Middle East and
Egypt
• Created Hellenistic Culture which
blended:
–
–
–
–
__________________
_________________
__________________
___________________
• This is an example of __________
•
•
•
•
•
Indian
Egyptian
Persian
Greek
Cultural
Diffusion
• Low hills and few natural
barriers allowed for the
Italian peninsula to be easily
_________
• Peninsula located in the
___________________Sea
• allowed for ______ and
_______________
United
Mediterranean
Trade
Expansion
• Government in Rome was a
_____________
– Citizens elected their officials
to make laws
• Caesar became a
_________________ and
limited the power of the
Senate
• Augustus Caesar became the
first _________________
marking the end of the
Republic
• Republic
• Dictator
• Emperor
Sample Questions
1. What was one cause of the development of many small independent citystates in ancient Greece?
(1) Greece and Rome were often at war.
(2) The mountainous terrain of Greece resulted in widely scattered
settlements.
(3) Military leaders found small Greek settlements easy to control.
(4) The Greek people had many different languages and religions.
2. One contribution of ancient Roman culture was the development of
(1) the concept of zero
(2) a republican form of government
(3) the process of making silk
(4) the printing press
Classical Chinese Dynasty Specific Characteristics
Zhou Dynasty
Qin Dynasty
Han Dynasty
-
-
used mandate of heaven to claim authority
worked to centralize the government
expanded territory to the south (Yangtze River Valley
rulers (emperors) referred to themselves as Sons of Heaven
standardized spoken language
expanded territory to the south (northern Vietnam)
construction of the Great Wall
standardized: weights, measures, money, written language
construction of new roads
expanded territory south and west (central Asia, Korea,
Indochina)
civil service exams based on Confucian values
trade increased (Silk Roads)
relative time of peace
technology: iron production, canals, irrigation systems, oxdrawn plows, collar for beasts of burden, paper
manufacture, water-power mills
social structure: elites, peasants, artisans, unskilled
laborers
Classical India
Maurya
Empire
Specific characteristics
-
Gupta
Empire
-
Chandragupta founds Mauryan dynasty
large army, united almost all of Indian subcontinent
large bureaucracy established
Ashoka (grandson of Chandragupta) known for ruthless conquering of India, later converted to Buddhism
and helped spread Buddhism along the roads of India
construction of roads that connected to China’s Silk Roads
After Ashoka’s death, kingdom divided again and invaders from the North ruled India until the Gupta’s
rose to power
Hindu rulers, reinforcement of Hindu values, but Buddhism was tolerated
local rulers retained control over local territories, provided they complied with Gupta law
Religion: solidification of Hindu values and traditions, construction of Hindu temples; Buddhism spread
through urban monasteries
Patriarchy: women gradually lost status and privileges, married at younger age, sati (widow suicide by
burning)
Sanskrit becomes language of educated
Technology/discoveries: zero as placeholder, Arabic numerals, decimal system, knowledge of astronomy,
knowledge of surgical procedures and the prevention of illnesses
Trade: increase in volume of trade, especially with the East
Sample Questions
3. In a comparison of the ancient cities of Athens and Sparta, Sparta
placed more emphasis on
(1)education
(2)family order
(3) military service
(4)human rights
4. Which society practiced direct democracy?
(1)ancient Athens
(2)Gupta Empire
(3)dynastic China
(4)early Egypt
Sample Questions
5. In Western Europe, the Middle Ages began after the collapse of
which empire?
(1)Mughal
(2)Ottoman
(3)Roman
(4)Byzantine
6. What was one effect of Alexander the Great’s conquests?
(1)expansion of Hellenistic culture
(2)decreased importance of the Silk Roads
(3)formation of the Christian church
(4)increased support of the Mayan leaders
Feudalism
• Political and social system based on the
granting of land in exchange for loyalty,
military assistance, and other services
• Land for protection
Manorial System
• An economic
system in the
Middle Ages that
was built around
farming on large
estates called
manors
• Manors were selfsufficient
– Produced everything
they need on the
manor
• 1/22 Focus:
– Great civilizations arose in India, China,
Greece and Rome from the 300’s B.C.E
through about 500 C.E.
– Their cultural contributions in the arts and
architecture, science, engineering, and law
have lasted to the present day.
• Do Now:
– Identify one accomplishment of the
Byzantine empire.