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Biology I
Environmental
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Interest Grabber – Notebook #1
Levels Within Levels
 An
ecosystem is a collection of all the
organisms that live in a particular place,
together with their nonliving, or physical,
environment. Within an ecosystem, there are
several levels of organization. Your school
and its grounds are similar to an ecosystem.
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Interest Grabber cont.
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1. What living things are found in and around your
school?
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2.
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3. Into what large groups are the students in your
school divided?
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4. Into what smaller groups are these large groups
divided?
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5. Are these groups ever divided into even
smaller groups? If so, what are these groups?
What nonliving things are found in your school?
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Interest Grabber
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1. What living things are found in and around your school?
Living things in the school are students, teachers, principal,
assistant principals, clerical staff, custodians, lunchroom staff.
Students may also include animals in science labs. Living things
around the school include grass, trees, shrubs, insects, birds, and
so on.
2. What nonliving things are found in your school?
The building, furniture, desks, books, papers, and so on
3. Into what large groups are the students in your school
divided?
9th, 10th, 11th, 12th grades, or years
4. Into what smaller groups are these large groups divided?
Classes
5. Are these groups ever divided into even smaller groups? If so,
what are these groups?
Students may say that science classes are divided into lab
groups; other classes may be divided into groups for projects.
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Ecological Levels of Organization
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Food
Web- A
network of
complex
feeding
interaction
between
various
organisms in
an ecosystem
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Ecological Pyramids-based on the
number of organisms at each trophic level
Energy Pyramid
Shows the relative amount of
energy available at each trophic
level. Organisms use about 10
percent of this
energy for
life processes.
The rest is lost
as heat.
Biomass Pyramid
Represents the amount of
living organic matter at each
trophic level. Typically, the
greatest biomass is at the
base of the pyramid.
Pyramid of Numbers
Shows the relative
number of individual
organisms at each
trophic level.
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Trophic Levels
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Trophic Levels
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The Water Cycle
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The Carbon Cycle
CO2 in
Atmosphere
CO2 in Ocean
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The Nitrogen Cycle
N2 in Atmosphere
NH3
NO3and NO2-
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The Oxygen Cycle
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NOTEBOOK #2
1. List the levels of organization from individual to
biosphere.
2. What is a food web?
3. Where in an energy pyramid do you find the first
trophic level?
4. Where do you find high level consumers in and
energy pyramid?
5. What role do decomposers play in the ecosystem?
(relate the answer to energy.)
6. Where does the energy come from that enters the
energy pyramid?
7. Why are the water, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen
cycle so important to life on our planet?
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Interest Grabber – Notebook #3
Fitting In
 Organisms
not only live together in ecological
communities, but they also constantly interact
with one another. These interactions, which
include predation and competition, help shape
the ecosystem in which they live.
 1.
Based on your own experiences, define
predation. Give one example of predation.
 2.
Based on your own experiences, define
competition. Give one example of competition.
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Interest Grabber
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1. Based on your own experiences, define predation.
Give one example of predation.
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Predation is an interaction in which one organism
captures and feeds on another organism. Some
examples of predation: a hawk captures and feeds on a
rabbit; a cat captures and feeds on a mouse.
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2. Based on your own experiences, define
competition. Give one example of competition.
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Competition occurs when organisms of the same or
different species attempt to use an ecological resource
in the same place at the same time. Some examples of
competition: crop plants and weeds compete for food,
water, and sunlight; wolves and foxes compete for the
same food (rabbits).
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Biotic and Abiotic Factors- biotic refers
to all the of the living things in the environment,
abiotic refers to the nonliving things in the
environment
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
ECOSYSTEM
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Competition
When
organisms of
the same or
different
species
attempt to use
an ecological
resource.
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Predation- an interaction in which one
organism captures and feeds on another organism
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Symbiosis – Any relationship in
which two species live closely
together.
There are 3 :
*mutualism
*commensalism
*parasitism
+ Mutualism –
both benefit
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Commensalism
– one benefits
the other is
neither helped or
harmed
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Parasitism- one
benefits the
other is harmed
+ Niche – full range of physical and biological conditions
in which an organism lives and the way in which he organism
uses those conditions
Species of Warblers
Cape May Warbler
Feeds at the tips of branches
near the top of the tree
Bay-Breasted Warbler
Feeds in the middle
part of the tree
Spruce tree
Yellow-Rumped Warbler
Feeds in the lower part of the tree and
at the bases of the middle branches
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NOTEBOOK #4
1.What is the difference between biotic
and abiotic?
2.What is competition?
3.What is predation?
4.What is symbiosis?
5.Describe mutualism. Give an example.
6.Describe commensalism. Give an
example.
7.Describe parasitism. Give an example.
8.What is a niche?
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Interest Grabber – Notebook #5
Who’s There?
If
you have ever been to a zoo or a
botanical garden, you may have
noticed that the signs that identify the
animals or plants also identify the part
of the world where these organisms are
found. Different kinds of animals and
plants are found in different parts of
the world.
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Interest Grabber
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1. Describe the climate where you live.
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2. What types of plant and animal life are
found in your area? Describe a few of the
major characteristics of these organisms.
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3. Suppose that you had to move to an
area with a climate that was very different
from the climate you now live in. How
would the plant and animal life in this new
area be different from the plant and
animal life where you live now?
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Interest Grabber
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1.
Describe the climate where you live.
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2. What types of plant and animal life are found in your
area? Describe a few of the major characteristics of these
organisms.
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Questions 1–2: Answers will vary depending on the part
of the country in which students live.
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3. Suppose that you had to move to an area with a climate
that was very different from the climate you now live in. How
would the plant and animal life in this new area be different
from the plant and animal life where you live now?
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Sample answer: If the new climate were much colder,
animals would probably have thicker fur. Plants would have
shorter growing seasons and would produce seeds that could
withstand the cold.
+ The Greenhouse Effect-Carbon dioxide,
methane, water vapor, and a few other atmospheric
gases trap heat energy and maintain Earth’s
temperature range.
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Heating of the Earth’s Surface
Greenhouse Effect
Different Latitudes
90°N North Pole
Sunlight
Sunlight
Some heat
escapes
into space
Greenhouse
gases trap
some heat
Arctic circle
Sunlight
Most direct sunlight
66.5°N
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
0°
Tropic of Capricorn 23.5°S
Sunlight
Atmosphere
Arctic circle
Earth’s surface
23.5°N
Sunlight
66.5°S
90°S South Pole
+ 10 Major Biomes
Biome- group of ecosystems that have the same climate and
dominant communities
Ten Major Biomes
Biome
Precipitation
Temperature
Soil
Diversity
Trees
Grasses
Tropical Rain Forest
high
hot
poor
high
dense
sparse
Tropical Dry Forest
variable
mild
rich
moderate
medium
medium
Tropical Savanna
variable
Desert
low
Temperate Grassland moderate
mild
variable
summer hot
clay
poor
rich
moderate
moderate
moderate
sparse
sparse
absent
dense
sparse
dense
Temperate woodland
and Shrubland
summer low,
winter moderate
summer hot
poor
low
medium
medium
Temperate Forest
moderate
summer moderate, rich
winter cold
high
dense
sparse
Northwestern
Coniferous Forest
Boreal Forest
high
rocky, acidic
low
dense
sparse
poor, acidic
moderate
dense
sparse
Tundra
low
summer mild,
winter cold
summer mild,
winter cool
summer mild,
winter cold
poor
low
absent
medium
moderate
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The World’s Major Land Biomes
Tropical rain forest
Temperate grassland
Temperate forest
Tundra
Tropical dry forest
Desert
Tropical savanna
Temperate woodland
and shrubland
Northwestern
coniferous forest
Mountains and
ice caps
Boreal forest
(Taiga)
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Aquatic Ecosystem
Spoonbill
Frogs lay eggs in the shallow
water near shore.The eggs
hatch in the water as tadpoles
and move to the land as adults.
Water
Frog lilies Mosquito
larvae Duckweed
The shore is lined with grasses
that provide shelter and nesting
places for birds and other
organisms.
Duck
Dragonfly
The roots of water lilies Snail
cling to the pond bottom,
Pickerel
Diving
beetle Fish share the pond
while their leaves, on long
flexible stems, float on the
with turtles and other
surface.
animals. Many of
them feed on insects
at the water’s edge.
Trout
The bottom of the pond is
inhabited by decomposers and Hydra
other organisms that feed on
particles drifting down from the
Snail Crayfish
surface.
Phytoplankton
Plankton and the organisms that
feed on them live near the surface
where there is enough sunlight for
photosynthesis. Microscopic algae
are among the most important
producers.
Benthic
crustaceans
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Marine Ecosystem
land
Coastal
ocean
Open
ocean
200m
1000m
Photic zone
4000m
Aphotic zone
6000m
Ocean
trench 10,000m
Continental
shelf
Continental slope and
continental rise
Abyssal
plain
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NOTEBOOK #6
1.What is the Greenhouse Effect?
2.What causes the Greenhouse Effect?
3.How do the sun’s rays influence the
Earth’s temperature?
4.How are the different types of biomes
determined?
5.What type of biome do we live in?
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Interest Grabber- NOTEBOOK #8
How Fast Are We Growing?
 Until
about 500 years ago, the world’s
human population remained fairly stable.
Then, as advances in medicine, agriculture,
and technology occurred, the human
population began growing very rapidly.
Today, the world’s human population is
greater than 6 billion people, and it
continues to grow, but at a slower rate.
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Interest Grabber cont.
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1. The human population is increasing by
about 1.4 percent each year. Assume that
the population is 6 billion (6,000,000,000).
How large will the population be in one
year?
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2. If the human population continues to
grow at a rate of 1.4 percent per year, the
population would double in size (to 12
billion people) in only 51 years! What effect
might this increase in population have on
the environment and on other people?
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Interest Grabber
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1. The human population is increasing by about 1.4 percent
each year. Assume that the population is 6 billion (6,000,000,000).
How large will the population be in one year?
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6,000,000,000 X 0.014 = 84,000,000 people will be added in
one year, so the population would be 6.08 billion in one year.
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2. If the human population continues to grow at a rate of 1.4
percent per year, the population would double in size (to 12
billion people) in only 51 years! What effect might this increase in
population have on the environment and on other people?
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Students might suggest that this increase in the population
would increase the need for roads, medicines, food, and all
necessary resources. In addition, people would be living in more
crowded areas, and pollution
would increase because there would be more vehicles on the
roads.
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Concept Map – Population Growth
Population
Growth
can be
Logistic
growth
Exponential
growth
characterized by
No limits on
growth
Unlimited
resources
represented by
Constant
growth rate
J-shaped
curve
characterized by
Limits on
growth
which cause a
Falling
growth rate
represented by
S-shaped
curve
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Logistic Growth
As
resources become less available,
the growth of a population slows or
stops.
Growth – occurs when the
growth of a population slows or stops
following a period of exponential
growth.
•Logistic
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Logistic Growth Curve – S shape
Carrying capacity
Time (hours)
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Carrying Capacity
capacity – largest
number of individuals of a
population that a given
environment can support
Carrying
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Exponential Growth
Under
ideal conditions with
unlimited resources, a population will
grow exponentially.
growth – occurs when
the individuals in a population
reproduce at a constant rate.
•Exponential
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Exponential Growth – J shape
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Human Population Growth
Industrial
Revolution
begins
Agriculture
begins
Plowing
and
irrigation
Bubonic
plague
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Distribution
U.S. Population
Males
Females
Rwandan Population
Males
Females
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NOTEBOOK #9
1. What is logistic growth?
2. When does logistic growth occur?
3. What “ shape” graph is commonly seen with
logistic growth?
4. What is exponential growth?
5. When does exponential growth occur?
6. What “ shape” graph is commonly seen with
exponential growth?
7. How does human population growth in
humans occur? Logistically or exponentially?
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Interest Grabber – NOTEBOOK #10
Name That Resource!
A
situation that causes the growth
of a population to decrease is
called a limiting factor. Some
limiting factors depend on the size
of the population. Other limiting
factors affect all populations in
similar ways, regardless of the
population size.
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Interest Grabber cont.
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1. Imagine a small island that has a
population of five rabbits. How might each
of the following factors affect the rabbit
population?
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a. climate
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2. Now imagine another small island that
has a population of 500 rabbits. How would
the same factors affect this population?
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3 Which of the factors depend on
population size? Which factors do not
depend on population size?
b. food supply c. predation
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Density-Dependent Limiting
Factors
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Density dependent limiting factor – limiting
factor that depends on population size
• Become limiting only when the population
density reaches a certain level.
• Types:
 Competition
 Predation
 Parasitism
 Disease
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Density-Dependent Limiting Factor
Growth of Aphids
Exponential growth
Peak population
size
Rapid decline
Steady population
size
Steady population
size
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Density Independent Limiting
Factor
 Density-independent
limiting factors- affect all
populations in similar ways, regardless of the
population size.
• Types:
 Unusual weather
 Natural disasters
 Seasonal cycles
 Certain human activities
• Ex. damming rivers, clear-cutting forests
+ Biological Magnification- increasing
concentration of a harmful substance in organisms at higher trophic
levels in a food chain or food web
Magnification of
DDT Concentration
Fish-Eating Birds
10,000,000
Large
Fish
1,000,000
Small Fish 100,000
Zooplankton 10,000
Producers 1000
Water
1
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Biodiversity Hot Spots
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NOTEBOOK #11
1.What is a density-dependent
limiting factor?
2.Give and example.
3.What is a density-independent
limiting factor?
4.Give an example.
5.What is biological magnification?