→ School → Work →
→
Man → World
→
Death
?
→
MARX
Loss of Meaning
→
Framework: loss & gain
State
→
→
Capitalist
→
Businessmen
→
→
Workers
Class Structure
Thesis: Bourgeois (Capitalist)
Antithesis: revolution
→
No Private Ownership
SOCIALISM: no private
individual would own the
“means of production” but the
community as a whole
Alienation/ separation
Parts: Replaceable
→
Synthesis: Communist Society
Exploitation/
Suffering
→
Recovery?
↑Meaning in
life: free time
Worker to the
product/ activities
Religion: Opium
Wealth and power will be
equally shared by all
 class struggle
between the
oppressed and the
oppressors
 there would be
collective ownership
of the means of
production, and then
there could be a
classless society.
 Study of group – where
interaction process is
vital
 From this process,
patterns of behavior
evolve
 Primary focus is not on
individuals and
individual behavior but
on social behavior
 interested in discovering
when, where and why
humans appeared on
earth, how and why they
have changed since
then, and how and why
modern populations vary
in certain physical
features
Physical Anthropology:
Archeology
Cultural Anthropology
Scientific Linguistics
 Concerned with
physical changes of
man
 race evolution, racial
classifications
 The main pieces of
evidence for evaluating
prehistoric societies are:
 Fossils
 Has an organic life
 Withstood the test of
time
 Artifacts
 Man-made
 Withstood the test of
time
 Culture: way of life
which is learned
and transmitted by
means of language
 To see is to believe. Your friend gave you these 2 plates and it
just so happened that this will be your first time to see such
foods. Meaning, you are not influenced by your past
experiences. Your friend maintained that plate B is the real
food. How would you know that the other is not real? What
are your grounds that made you claim on such assertion? –
 systematic study of
recorded and
unrecorded
languages all over the
world.
 to know how man
was able to
communicate with
his fellow humans, as
a result of which,
culture developed.
HOW
SOCIOLOGY
DEVELOPED
 idea of positivism
 reports of sensory
experience is the
exclusive source of all
authoritative knowledge
 only authentic knowledge
is that which allows
positive verification
 Society, like the physical
world, operates according to
general laws.
1. Theological or religious
stage
2. Metaphysical or abstract
reasoning stage
3. Positive or scientific
stage
 BY MERE
OBSERVATION,
HOW CAN YOU
PROVE TO ME
THAT THE WORLD
IS NOT FLAT?
 Renaissance
 Religion vs. Science
 Copernicus
 Galileo
 TRADITIONS (CHURCH): EARTH AS CENTER OF THE
UNIVERSE
 Psalm 93:1, Psalm 96:10, 1 Chronicles 16:30
 “the world is firmly established, it cannot be
moved.”
 Psalm 104: 5
 “the Lord set the earth on its foundations; it
can never be moved.”
 Ecclesiastes 1:5
 “and the sun rises and sets and returns to its
place”
 Heliocentrism (telescope) vs. Geocentrism
 Copernicus: parallax
 Heresy = imprisoned
 as the viewpoint moves side to side,
 CLOSE = faster,
 FAR = slower.
 The planet moves faster when nearer the Sun. (kepler)
 human societies evolved
from simple forms (primitive
societies) to more complex
forms (industrial societies).
 through natural selection,
those societies that adapt to
their environment and
compete successfully will
persist (SURVIVAL OF THE
FITTEST).
 eventually lead to social
progress which constituted
social justice
 He believed that
individual
members of a
society live and
die, but a
certain
structure in
their activities
remain
 MECHANICAL
SOLIDARITY
 Similar tasks
 ORGANIC SOLIDARITY
 Variable tasks
 belief systems can affect
people’s actions
 Subjectively and
objectively
 patterns in social action
which he classified as valueoriented, goal-oriented
actions
 As societies grew more
complex and
encompassed different
groups, a hierarchy of
gods developed and as
power in the society
became more
centralised, the
concept of a single,
universal God (ethical
monotheism) became
more popular and
desirable.
 PLEASURES VS. SUCCESS
 actions were motivated by a highly moral
and respected philosophy
All social
relations are
creations of
human will
 Essential Will -
Gemeinschaft
 sympathy
 Friendship/ community
group
 Arbitrary Will Gesellschaft
 activity with regard to
the future
 city and state
 social network
between individuals
who are in
constant
interaction with
one another.
 Primary function of ritual is,
by giving expression to the
collective “sentiments of a
society”, to contribute to
social cohesion
 social systems like the
family, religion, education,
economics, politics, etc.,
which can be analyzed in
terms of functions.
 Value-consensus to him
refers to an underlying
agreement regarding the
rules of system to achieve
their goals.
 Action was not to be
conceived as completely
free but was grounded in
and circumscribed by
norms and ultimate
principles of actions
(values).
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Give an example of a material and non-material culture seen in
the video.
Reasons a society conform to norms. Cite an example in the
video.
Forms of social norms: folkways, mores, laws. give an example
on each form as seen in the video.
What is the significance of having a "VALUE" in the society.
Give one major “VALUE” orientation on each society seen in the
video.
Values held highly by Filipinos.
CITE 4 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE in
connection with the video.
Modes of acquiring a culture and relate it in the video.
Familiarize yourselves with the following terms: ethnocentrism,
xenocentrism, cultural relativism, subcultures, culture shock,
culture lag, cultural exchange, acculturation, cultural dualism,
cultural universal, and cultural diversity
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
POSITIVE
SANCTIONS
NEGATIVE
SANCTIONS
PHYSICAL
SANCTIONS
PSYCHOLOGICAL
SANCTIONS
FORMAL
SANCTIONS
INFORMAL
SANCTIONS
A. FOLKWAYS
B. MORES
C. LAWS
A. PARALLELISM
B. DIFFUSION
C. FISSION
D. CONVERGENCE