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Culture and Socialization > Culture and Adaptation
Culture and Adaptation
• The Origins of Culture
• Mechanisms of Cultural Change
• Cultural Lag
• Animals and Culture
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Culture and Socialization > Culture and Adaptation
The Origins of Culture
• The term "culture" has two meanings: (1) the evolved human capacity to classify
and represent experiences with symbols, and to act creatively; and (2) the distinct
ways that people living in different parts of the world acted creatively and
classified or represented their experiences.
• Distinctions are currently made between the physical artifacts created by a
society, its so-called material culture and everything else, including the intangibles
such as language, customs, etc. that are the main referent of the term "culture".
• The origin of language, understood as the human capacity of complex symbolic
communication, and the origin of complex culture are often thought to stem from
the same evolutionary process in early man.
Nomads
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• Language and culture both emerged as a means of using symbols to construct
social identity and maintain coherence within a social group too large to rely
exclusively on the pre-human ways of building community (for example,
grooming).
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Culture and Socialization > Culture and Adaptation
Mechanisms of Cultural Change
• Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces
resisting change.These forces are related to social structures and natural events,
and are involved in the perpetuation of cultural ideas and practices within current
structures, which are themselves subject to change.
• Cultural change can have many causes, including the environment, technological
inventions, and contact with other cultures.
• In diffusion, the form of something (though not necessarily its meaning) moves
from one culture to another.
• Acculturation has different meanings, but in this context it refers to replacement of
the traits of one culture with those of another, such has happened to certain
Biology versus Culture
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Native American tribes and to many indigenous peoples across the globe during
the process of colonization.
• "Direct Borrowing" on the other hand tends to refer to technological or tangible
diffusion from one culture to another.
• Griswold suggests that culture changes through the contextually dependent and
socially situated actions of individuals; macro-level culture influences the
individual who, in turn, can influence that same culture.
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Culture and Socialization > Culture and Adaptation
• In anthropology, diffusion theory states that the form of something moves from one culture to another, but not its
meaning.Acculturation theory refers to replacement of the traits of one culture with those of another.
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Culture and Socialization > Culture and Adaptation
Cultural Lag
• Cultural lag is not only a concept, as it also relates to a theory and explanation in
sociology.
• It helps identify and explain social problems and also predict future problems.
• According to Ogburn, cultural lag is a common societal phenomenon due to the
tendency of material culture to evolve and change rapidly and voluminously while
non-material culture tends to resist change and remain fixed for a far longer
period of time.
• Due to the opposing nature of these two aspects of culture, adaptation of new
technology becomes rather difficult.
Human Embryonic Stem Cells
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Culture and Socialization > Culture and Adaptation
Animals and Culture
• Much cultural anthropological research has been done on non-human primates,
due to their close evolutionary proximity to humans.
• One of the first signs of culture in early humans was the use of
tools.Chimpanzees have been observed using tools such as rocks and sticks to
obtain better access to food.
• The acquisition and sharing of behaviors correlates directly to the existence of
memes, which are defined as "units of cultural transmission" by the evolutionary
biologist Richard Dawkins.
• Though the idea of culture in animals has only been around for just over half of a
century, scientists have been noting social behaviors of animals for centuries.
Animal Culture
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• Aristotle was the first to provide evidence of social learning in the bird
songs.Charles Darwin first attempted to find the existence of imitation in animals
when trying to prove his theory that the human mind had evolved from that of
lower beings.
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Appendix
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Culture and Socialization
Key terms
• assimilation The adoption, by a minority group, of the customs and attitudes of the dominant culture.
• community A group sharing a common understanding and often the same language, manners, tradition and law.See civilization.
• cultural anthropological research Cultural anthropology is a branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation
among humans, collecting data about the impact of global economic and political processes on local cultural realities.
• habit An action performed repeatedly and automatically, usually without awareness.
• horticulture The art or science of cultivating gardens; gardening.
• innovation The act of innovating; the introduction of something new, in customs, rites, and so on.
• material culture In the social sciences, material culture is a term, developed in the late 19th and early 20th century, that refers
to the relationship between artifacts and social relations.
• meme Any unit of cultural information, such as a practice or idea, that is transmitted verbally or by repeated action from one
mind to another.
• non-material culture In contrast to material culture, non-material culture does not include any physical objects or
artifacts.Examples of non-material culture include any ideas, beliefs, values, and norms that may help shape our society.
• social behaviors In physiology and sociology, social behavior is behavior directed towards society, or taking place between,
members of the same species.
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Culture and Socialization
Common Starling In London
The songs of starlings have been discovered to show regional "dialects," a trait that has potential to have a cultural basis.
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Culture and Socialization
Guppy Behavior
Guppy mating behavior is believed to be culturally influenced.
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Culture and Socialization
Animal Culture
A chimpanzee mother and baby.
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Culture and Socialization
Do We Need Cursive Handwriting in the 21st Century?
Although keyboarding has replaced most handwriting tasks, schools still teach cursive writing, an example of cultural lag.
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Culture and Socialization
Human Embryonic Stem Cells
As example of cultural lag is human embryonic stem cells.We have the necessary technology to turn stem cells into neurons but have not yet developed
ethical guidelines and cultural consensus on this practice.
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Culture and Socialization
Nomads
Anthropologists rejected the idea that culture was unique to Western society and adopted a new definition of culture that applied to all societies, literate
and non-literate, settled and nomadic.
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Culture and Socialization
Why you'll see a lot more KFC in China
American fast food chains see economic opportunity in China.Economic globalization is on driver of cultural change.
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Culture and Socialization
Biology versus Culture
These two avatars illustrate the basic concept of culture.One is simply a reflection of his biology; he is human.The other is a reflection of his biology and
his culture: he is human and belongs to a cultural group or sub-culture.
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Culture and Socialization
The Change of Symbolic Meaning Over Time
The symbol of the ankh has its roots in Egyptian religious practice, but the symbol diffused over time and was adopted by other groups, including
pagans, as a religious symbol.
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Culture and Socialization
Social coherence and social identity are possible due to the
development of complex culture and:
A) Artifacts
B) Art
C) Language
D) Politics
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Culture and Socialization
Social coherence and social identity are possible due to the
development of complex culture and:
A) Artifacts
B) Art
C) Language
D) Politics
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Culture and Socialization
Language as a cultural phenomenon is currently classified
separately from:
A) Art
B) Customs
C) Artifacts
D) Science
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Culture and Socialization
Language as a cultural phenomenon is currently classified
separately from:
A) Art
B) Customs
C) Artifacts
D) Science
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Culture and Socialization
Which one of the following examples accurately illustrates the
concept of diffusion as a mechanism of cultural change?
A) Two presidents meet to discuss holiday customs in their countries.
B) The British colonize India.
C) An individual brings a recording of Polish music to the U.S.
D) An Italian-style coffee bar is introduced in the United States.
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Culture and Socialization
Which one of the following examples accurately illustrates the
concept of diffusion as a mechanism of cultural change?
A) Two presidents meet to discuss holiday customs in their countries.
B) The British colonize India.
C) An individual brings a recording of Polish music to the U.S.
D) An Italian-style coffee bar is introduced in the United States.
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Culture and Socialization
The major difference between invention and discovery is:
A) Discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention
puts things together in a new way
B) Invention is based on technology, whereas discovery is usually based
on culture
C) Invention refers to material culture, whereas discovery can be material
or theoretic, like laws of physics.
D) Invention is typically used to refer to international objects, whereas
discovery refers to that which is local to one's culture.
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Culture and Socialization
The major difference between invention and discovery is:
A) Discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention
puts things together in a new way
B) Invention is based on technology, whereas discovery is usually based
on culture
C) Invention refers to material culture, whereas discovery can be material
or theoretic, like laws of physics.
D) Invention is typically used to refer to international objects, whereas
discovery refers to that which is local to one's culture.
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Culture and Socialization
That McDonald's is found in almost every country around the
world is an example of:
A) jet lag
B) diffusion
C) culture lag
D) xenocentrism
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Culture and Socialization
That McDonald's is found in almost every country around the
world is an example of:
A) jet lag
B) diffusion
C) culture lag
D) xenocentrism
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Saylor OER. "Electives « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0
http://www.saylor.org/majors/Electives/
Culture and Socialization
Which of the following explains cultural lag:
A) Non-material culture outpaces technological culture.
B) One form of non-material culture lags behind another form of nonmaterial culture.
C) Technological culture evolves faster than non-material culture.
D) Technological cultural change is not accepted by the general culture.
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Culture and Socialization
Which of the following explains cultural lag:
A) Non-material culture outpaces technological culture.
B) One form of non-material culture lags behind another form of nonmaterial culture.
C) Technological culture evolves faster than non-material culture.
D) Technological cultural change is not accepted by the general culture.
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Culture and Socialization
Your 83-year-old grandmother has been using a computer for
some time now. As a way to keep in touch, you frequently send emails of a few lines to let her know about your day. She calls after
every e-mail to respond point by point, but she has never e-mailed
a response back. This can be viewed as an example of:
A) innovation
B) discovery
C) cultural lag
D) globalization
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Culture and Socialization
Your 83-year-old grandmother has been using a computer for
some time now. As a way to keep in touch, you frequently send emails of a few lines to let her know about your day. She calls after
every e-mail to respond point by point, but she has never e-mailed
a response back. This can be viewed as an example of:
A) innovation
B) discovery
C) cultural lag
D) globalization
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Saylor OER. "Electives « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Electives/
Culture and Socialization
All of the following describe the process of animal culture
EXCEPT:
A) Symbolic learning
B) Socially transmitted behavior
C) Social learning
D) Memes
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Culture and Socialization
All of the following describe the process of animal culture
EXCEPT:
A) Symbolic learning
B) Socially transmitted behavior
C) Social learning
D) Memes
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Culture and Socialization
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "social behaviors." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/social%20behaviors
• Wikipedia. "cultural anthropological research." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cultural%20anthropological%20research
• Wikipedia. "Animal culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_culture
• Wiktionary. "meme." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/meme
• Wikipedia. "material culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/material%20culture
• Wikipedia. "non-material culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/non-material%20culture
• Wikipedia. "Cultural lag." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_lag
• Wiktionary. "innovation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/innovation
• Wikibooks. "Introduction to Sociology/Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Culture#The_Origins_of_Culture
• Wikipedia. "Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture
• Wikipedia. "Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture
• Wiktionary. "horticulture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/horticulture
• Wiktionary. "community." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/community
• Wikibooks. "Introduction to Sociology/Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Culture#Cultural_Change
• Wikipedia. "Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture#Cultural_change
• Wiktionary. "assimilation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/assimilation
• Wiktionary. "habit." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/habit
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