Hypertext:Travelling through countries
Introduction
We looked for articles on British and American civilization on newspapers ,books and computers. Then we selected subjects ,drawings ,songs,
maps to create our “hypertext “,moreover we compared some aspects of these two countries to Italy.
Finally we summarized and wrote on our computers what we learned about these two countries.
Who? Students of the third years of “ Scuola media Via Visca”
What? Hypertext “Travelling through countries”
Why ? Because we wanted to have a different approach with the second
When? In April and in May
How ? Using the computer as means to create
The U.K.
language and plan a project
our final product.
The U.S.A.
ITALY
1-The national anthem+flag
1-The national anthem+flag
1-The national anthem+flag
2-Map U.K
2-Map of the U.S.A.
2- The Italian Flag
3-U.K. geography
3-The U.S.A. geography
3- Italy
4-The British government
4- the American Government
4- The president Ciampi
5-Queen Elizabeth
5- The president Bush
5- The prime minister Berlusconi
6-Primer Blair
6- The presidents
6- Nettuno
7-London
7- New York
7- Rome
8-History
8- The statue of liberty
9-Festivities
9- Ten steps of American history
10-The house
Windsor+Genealogical
10- Festivities in the U.S.A.
Bibliography and sitography
HOT WORDS
Thanksgiving Day, one of the most important American holiday, celebrates major historical
event.
Thanksgiving was first celebrate in 1621 and is the oldest holiday in the U.S. One year after the
Pilgrim Fathers had arrived from England they wanted to give thanks to God: they had survived
the terrible journey to the New World and a terrible winter, and they had harvested the first
crop.
So they prepared a large dinner; the neighbouring Indian tribes joined in the festivities. Today
thanksgiving takes place each year on the fourth Thursday in November. Schools, offices and
shops are closed for a four–day weekend. It is a family Holiday: families go to church and have
a large dinner. It is not complete without roast turkey with chestnut stuffing and pumpkin pie.
The United States celebrates its birthday on July 4th. On that Day in
1776 the country was declared independent from Britain and so the new
nation was born. Today July 4th is a national holiday and people organise
barbeques at home or picnics, they march in parade, sing songs, light
bonfires and watch the spectacular firework displays which take place all
over the country.
New York New York
The word's leading attraction is the cultural and financial capital of the United States (the capital of the U.S.
is Washington), and it has got a population of 9 million people. Informally called by New Yorkers
"The Big Apple ", its streets almost have no names, just numbers.
It is built on the Hudson River and exetends over five boroughs, connected to each other by long bridges and
by the biggest underground system in the world.They are :Manhattan, Brooklyn, Bronx, Queens and Staten
Island.
Manhattan, the most important of the five is the heart of the city with its renowned attraction:
1-The statue of liberty,placed in New York harbor
2-The empire State building (433 meters)one of the tallest in the world along with the World Trade Center
with is gigantic Twin Towers;
3-Central park, (843 mtrs.Wide) the lumg of NYC,
4-Broadway the strets of theatres and sow-businesand the mithical fifth avenue ,maybe the most fashionable
and expensive street in the world;
5-The United Nations building,the world's diplomatic centre;
6-Times Square the entertainment centre of the city.
The only New York borough on the mainland is Bronx.It houses a zoological and botanical garden.Brooklyn
and Queens are situated on long island, and are linked to Manhattan by the Brookln Bridge, opened in
1883.Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by Verrazzano Bridge , the longest suspension bridge in the
world (4,260 feet long).
I live in Nettuno, a nice town on the sea. It is 60 km. far from Rome and is situated in Lazio, in the
centre of Italy. It has about 40000 inhabitants (Rome is the capital of Italy but also countytown).
Netuno is a tourist town and during the summer a lot of people spend their holidays here. There are
a lot of beaches where tourists can sunbathe, swim and also relax. Nettuno is an old town with a
medioeval centre which is very interesting to visit. There is also and old castle called Sangallo castle,
in which some plays are performed during the summer.
Sometimes there are art and photographic exhibitions that show Nettuno both in the past and in the
present day . One of these exhibitions on permenent display illustrates Nettuno’s key role in the
events of the Second World War.
During the Second World War the American allies landed in Nettuno to free Italians from the
German occupying army in 1944.
Later American allies tought baseball to Italian young people who in a short time became the most
famous Italian baseball team winning a lot of Championships.
ROME
“All roads lead to Rome”: so goes an old saying in praise of the importance of a city which claimed for itself the title of
“caput mundi” and, whatever road the visitor has taken to reach it, he can be sure that he has the opportunity to admire and
study an historical, artistic, and monumental heritage of universal value.
Even after the fall of the Roman Empire, Rome should preserve its role as a source of civilization and as a cultural and moral
centre of the world by becoming the Capital of Christianity and the Apostolic Seat of the Successor of Peter.
It was due to the Papacy that the city revived during the Renaissance period and expressed a cultural and artistic activity
which it had not had since the days of antiquity.
The new splendour of Rome found its great expression in the building of the new Basilica of St.Peter and the complex of
Vatican Palaces with her masterpieces by Bramante, Raphael and Michelangelo which represent some of the greatest artistic
achievements of all time.
The city of Rome is thus the witness “ par excellence “ to the millennial history of the West.
The Vatican City is an independent state whose sovereign head is the Pope, Bishop of Rome and Supreme Pontiff of the
Catholic Church.
THE HOUSE OF WINDSOR
Queen Victoria was followed by her son Edward VII and then by George V who changed the name of the royal family from
Hanover into a more English name, Windsor. His son, Edward VIII, abdicated and the crown passed to his brother George VI,
who was King during the Second World War. At his death (1952), Queen Elizabeth II ascended the throne. She is the present
Queen of England.
GEORGE VI
1895 - 1952
QUEEN ELIZABETH II
1926
Charles,
Prince of
Wales
1948
Anne,
Princess Royal
1950
Peter Philips
1977
Prince William
of Wales
1982
Princess Margaret
1930
Andrew.
Duke of York
1960
Edward,
Earl of Wessex
1964
Lady Sarah
1964
Samuel Chatto
1996
Zara Philips
1981
Prince Henry
of Wales
1984
David, Viscount Liniey
1961
Princess Beatrice
of York
1988
Princess Eugenie
of York
1990
Arthur
Chatto
1999
The United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (BRITAIN) is a union of four countries, namely: England, Scotland, Wales
and Northern Ireland. Britain consists of a group of island off the western coast of Europe. The largest, Great Britain, is made up of three
countries:England, Scotland and Wales. Ireland to the west consists of the Irish Republic and the British province of Northern Ireland in
the north-east. The country is low-lying- in the east of England with mountains in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The Pennine
chain forms a bridge down Northern England. The Cambrian Mountains stretch across north-west Wales with Mt Showdown rising to
1,085 m. Northern Ireland has the sparring Antrim and Maurine Mountains. Scotland has almost 300 peaks over 913 m, and Been Nevis
in the Grampian range rises to 1,343. The Scottish islands of the Orkneys and Shetlands in the north and Hebrides in the north-west are
mountains and form islands chains. Britain's is well watered navigable rivers including the Thames , Seven,Jersey and tine.There are
many lakes especially in the north-west and in Scotland and northern Ireland.
ENGLAND:
England is the largest and the richest country of the United kingdom.The land is mostly flat or adulating and there are upland areas in
the north and in Devon and Cornwall in the south-west. The most densely populated areas are in London and the south-east the industrial
cities incest Yorkshire the north west and the Mast Midlands. Although England is highly industrialized and densely populated there are
still many unsealed areas of great natural beautiful. There are many national parks, forests, history buildings and gardens safari and
wild life parks. The capital of England is London.
LONDON:
1:Buckingham palace is the official London residence of the Queen. When we see the royal flag flying over it, we know that the Queen is
at home.
2:Houses of Parliament and Big Ben. This building stands on the north bank of the Thames. It is the palace where the House of Lords
and the House of Commons meet to discuss and pass laws. When Parliament is sitting Jack flies over the tower . Big Ben is the bell in the
clock tower next to the Houses of Parliament. Big Ben was the nick name of Benjamin Hall a minister , who was a very tall man. Big
Ben is the most famous clock in the world and it is the landmark of London.
3:The Tower of London and Tower Bridge. This is the old Norman fortess built by William the Conqueror . It was used as a residence,
then as a prison and now it is a museum.
4:Westminster Abbey is a one of the oldest buildings in London .Royal weddings and coronations take palace here.
31st October is Halloween. This pagan festival celebrates the return of
the souls of the dead who come back to visit places were they used to
live. In the evening there are lots of Halloween parties, or fancy dress
parties. People dress up as witches, ghosts, devils, cats, bats or anything
scary.
Houses are decorated with pumpkins with candles put inside. Some
children follow the American custom called trick or treat. They knock at
your house and ask, “trick or treat?”.
If you give them some money or some sweets they go away. Otherwise,
they play a trick on you, like squirting water in your face.
Every November 5th, from 1605, children make bonfires and life-size
models of Guy Fawkes with old clothes, newspapers and straw. Further
more children ask passerby for money that will be spent in
fireworks. They also roast potatoes in the hot ash of the bonfires.this
festivity dates back to 1605 when a catholic man called Guy Fawkes
attempted to blow up the Houses of Parliament and was executed. Now
many English people ask for the abolition of Guy Fawkes Night as many
accidents happen and a lot of children go to hospital for burns.
CHRISTMAS IN BRITAIN
Christmas is an important holiday, maybe the most important of the year.
It is an important family festival well.
Like most people in the world, the British too generally, like to spend this day together
with their relatives, at home, all sitting around a richly laid table, having a fabulous and
delicious Christmas dinner, drinking and speaking in a merry, quiet, serene atmosphere.
Lots of Christmas cards wishing” Merry Christmas“ are posted.
The houses are decorated with Christmas trees and festoons; with colour lights and
holly too, and-why not?-with cribs for the Catholics, because we must not forget the
real meaning and spiritual value of such a day.
The traditional Christmas dinner generally consists in roast stuffed turkey, mince pie,
vegetables, Christmas pudding and other cakes.
St. Valentine’s Day is a very old tradition originated in Roman times.
The Romans believed that birds chose their mates on 14th February. On that day Roman girl wrote their
names on slips of paper and put them into a large jar. Roman boys then took a slip from the jar and read the
name of their sweetheart.
A legend says that Valentine was a Roman who helped the Christians at the time of the persecutions. He was
captured and when he was in prison he fell in love with the jailer’s daughter. He wrote her love notes and he
signed them“ From your Valentine”.
He was put to death on 14th February.
On this day in Britain people exchange cards, chocolates, flowers with those they love.
It is an occasion when people send love messages and can ask a direct questions: “will you be my Valentine
(boyfriend / girlfriend)?”. But the cards are not signed and so it is part of the fun to discover who has sent
them!
EASTER
The word Easter is of Saxon origin and means spring. Before they became Christians, the Saxons celebrated a festival
to mark the re-birth of nature, and after they were converted, they gave the name of Easter to the feast of the
Resurrection of Our Lord.
Good Friday is a public holiday, and most people celebrate it as a day of mourning. In many towns, it has become the
customs of Catholics, Anglicans and Protestants to go through the streets in procession together, in memory of Our Lord's
journey from Jerusalem to Calvary.
On Good Friday, usually, for breakfast, English people eat special cakes, marked with a cross on the top. These cakes are
usually served hot, so they are called "Hot Cross Buns".
On Easter Sunday, people give Easter eggs to the children. The egg symbolizes new life and hope.
As Easter comes in spring, most English people like to go into the country or to the seaside.
QUEEN ELIZABETH II
The present English sovereign
Her most Excellent Majesty, “Elizabeth II, by the Grace of God, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland and of her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith”, was born in London on
21st April 1926.
She married H.R. (His Royal Height) Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, in 1947 and succeeded to the Throne on 6th
February 1952.
She is the fourth sovereign of the House of Windsor and has a most interesting family tree which goes back to a remote
period in the history of the four nations which form the British Isles and has blood ties with nearly all the Royal Families of
Europe.
Actually she is a direct descendant of William the Conqueror (1066-1087).
Both the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh descended from Astrid, the sister of the mighty King Canute; all the members of
the Royal House of Denmark enriched the Royal Family, with Viking blood.
The statue of Liberty
The statue of Liberty is a huge copper statue which France gave to the U.S.A. as a present and a token of friendship.
It was given on occasion of the first centenary of the American Iindependence, in 1866.
It was built by Architect Bartholdi and is 46 metres high, on a base of 25 metres. It is situated in New York harbor, on Bedloe
Island which acts as a lighthouse. The Statue of Liberty has a very smart restaurant where you can enjoy a good meal and
admire the magnificent view.
”When man is tired of London is tired of life”
Britain’ s Capital
London is the capital of Britain, the chief city of the British Commonwealth, and one of the largest cities in the world.
The area known as Greater London, the great urban complex with some nine million inhabitants, is not a town, but
rather a country. London stands on both banks of the River Thames and when the tide rises, large ocean liners and
cargo ships can sail up the river, sometimes passing under Tower Bridge right in the centre of the city.
The City, the London of Roman times, is the oldest part of the town. It is the centre around which the great capital as
important Bank of England, the most important bank in the world; the Mansion House, where the Lord Mayor of
London lives: St. Paul’ s Cathedral, the most famous church in London: and the Tower of London, in its day a fortress,
a royal residence, and a prison.
It may interest you to know that the City of London – Great Britain’s financial and commercial centre, is not part of
Greater London. Jealous of its ancient privileges it has preferred to maintain its own separate identity.
But London is the heart of Britain. Here you can visit Buckingham Palace, the official London home of the British
sovereign; Westminster Abbey, the most beautiful Gothic church in London; the Palace of Westminster, generally
known as the Houses of Parliament, and many other places of interest.
President George W. Bush
George W. Bush is the 43rd President of the United States.
Formerly the 46Th Governor of the State of Texas, President
Bush has earned a reputation as a conservative who shapes policy based on the principles of limited government, personal
responsibility, strong families and local control.
President Bush was born on July 6th , 1946. He grew up in Midland and Houston, Texas. He married Laura Welch Bush, a
teacher, they have two twin daughters, Barbara and Jenna.
Vice President Richard Cheney
Throughout his years of service, Vice President Cheney has served with duty, honour, and unwavering leadership, gaining
him the respect of the American people during trying military times.
It is the oldest party. It is the party which wants to help poor people and for whom it asks an economic and social help from
the State.
In 1828 Andrew Jackson ,was the first Democratic Party president to be elected .
The symbol of the Democratic Party is the donkey.
(Conservative Party)
It is the party of the “richest” and it is tied to tradition.
Normally, the Republicans are against an help by the state towards the poor and the minorities .
The Grand Old Party which obtained first presidency was Abhram Lincoln who was elected in 1860. It has for symbol an
elephant.
In the U.S.A. people elect and decide who will be the President. Until 1832 in the U.S:A. there are two parties: the
Republican Party and the Democratic Party and people vote in every state.
10 Steps in American History
The founding of the U.S.A.
On November 11, 1620 a hundred people know as the Pilgrim Fathers came from England to Massachusetts on board of the Mayflower. They
were Puritans. Their Survivors celebrated that day on the first Thanksgiving in Oct.1621.
Declaration of independence
In 1764 England imposed a series of special taxes and duties on colonies, and July 4 1776 a committee of five members including Benjamin
Franklin and Thomas Jefferson drew up a declaration of independence.
The Start of Revolution
The American War of Independence began in 1775 and ended in 1783. After some battles, the Americans won a victory at Saratoga in 1777 and
the house of Commons in England, voted the and of the war.
The Constitution
Peace was signed in 1783 and after the negotiations were over the American Constitution, the first written one in the world, was drawn up and
adopted by all 13 states on June 25, 1788. Its basic principle “All men are created equal ”.
The pioneers
In 1789 George Washington was elected the first President of the U.S.A. The capital was New York . Pioneers pushed to the west, set to Oregon,
and the famous Gold Rush brought them to California.
American’s melting pot
The expansions was marked by conflicts with the Redskins. In 1861 a foyer-year civil war broke out between North and South because of Negro
slavery. The North won and President Lincoln declared the slaves free.
Great American Inventors
America became the land of opportunities for inventors like Edison (lamp), Morse (radio alphabet), Bell (phone), the Wrights (plane), Fulton
(steamboat), Ford (factory robot), and many others.
Women’s right to vote
Until 1920 women were not allowed to vote. A group of women including Betsy Ross, Susan Anthony and Julia Howe fought for an amendment
in the Constitution (19th ) to allow all women in America voting right
How a Bill becomes a Law
A proposal (Bill) is brought to the Congress to be debated and voted. If he refuses (Veto) the process has to start again until it receives the
President’s approval and becomes a Law.
Silvio Berlusconi was born in Milan in 1936 and has a degree in law.
He began his career as a property developer.
In 1980 he launched Canale 5, Italy’s first national commercial
television network, which was followed by Italia 1 in 1982 and Rete
4 in 1984.
With the acquisition of Mondadori, he became Italy’s most
important publisher of books and magazines.
In 1986 he became Chairman of A.C. Milan. In the general election
of March 1994 he obtained a majority of the votes and became
Prime Minister.
Franklin D. Roosvelt (1932****)
Harry S.Truman(1948*)
Dwigt D.Eisenhower(1952**)
John Fitzgerald Kennedy(1960*)
Lindon B. Johnson(1964*)
Richard M.Nixon (1968**)
Jimmy Carter(1976*)
Ronald Wilson Reagan(1980**)
George Bush(1988*)
Bill Clinton(1992**)
George W. Bush(2000*)
British Government
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and northern Ireland, usually referred to as the U.K., is politically a
limited Monarchy. This means that while the head of the state is a hereditary Sovereign, his or her powers
are strictly limited and he or she is subject to law.In practice the Sovereign acts on the advice of his or her
minister, while the only body with power to make laws is Parliament.In other words, the British Sovereign
reigns but does not rule.
The present sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II.
She was crowned in Westminster Abbey on 2nd June, 1953. At the date of Her accession she was twenty-six
-Prince Charles (known as the Prince of Wales) heir to the throne
-Princess Anne
-Prince Andrew
-Prince Edward
The Queen's birthday is officially celebrated on a Saturday early in June, when the traditional ceremony of
Trooping the colour is held on the Horse guards parade in London.
ITALY
Italy is a peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea. It is surrounded by the Sea on three sides. Italy also includes the two big isles
of Sicily and Sardinia and some smaller isles .
There are twenty regions in Italy. Some of them also have a name in English: Piedmont, Lombardy, Tuscany, Apulia, Sicily
and Sardinia
Italians speak Italian , though they have different languages and dialects.
Italy is a republic and the present Head of State is Carlo Azelio Ciampi.
C:A:Ciampi was born in Livorno in 1920 and had a degree in Italian Literature in 1941 and a degree in law at the University
of Pisa in 1946.
In 1960 he was manager of “The Bank of Italy .In 1994 he was Prime Minister..
He had various jobs of international importance.
As Minister of Treasury, Ciampi permitted the participation of Italy to the European coin (Euro).
On May 13th , 1999 he was elected the 10th President of the Italian Republic.
AN AGE OF CHANGES
In the 18th century England was transformed into an industrial country by the Industrial
Revolution. The development of the railways, of the roads and of the canals (artificial
watercourse) made transports easier. The population increased and many problems arose. Poor
men, women and children worked in the factories for 15/16 hours a day and their life was very
difficult. They lived in small houses, many were homeless and slept in great markets or under the
railway bridges without eating. Women and children also worked in mines. Their was a very hard
work so many of them died. Progress meant also poverty and exploitation.
VICTORIAN AGE
In 1837 Queen Victoria ascended the throne. She was only 18 but her reign was the longest and
one of the most prosperous in British history. She ruled the country until 1901 and she was a
great Queen, loved by the population. In this period England ruled many parts of the world.
Victorian England enjoyed prosperity and welfare. In fact Victoria bettered the conditions of the
workers in the factories, bettered elementary education, the working condition of women and
children and, finally, she also solved some religious problems. When she died in 1901, the whole
England felt as it had lost a mother. She had been one of the most beloved of English monarchs.
The States
The great republic of the U.S. is a federal union of 50 states and the District of Columbia(D.C.)which is the seat of the
Government.The first step to unity was the declaration of independence of 1776 when the original 13 British colonies
proclaimed their independence from Great Britain. Little by little these states became and the constitution was published in
1789. From then until now the number of states increased to the Present fifty. You must not think that these states are like
Italian regions or English counties. Each one is really one, is really an independent country with its elected governor
(president) and congress (parliament). They are joined together in a federation that is represented by the American flag. So
each American is subject to two governments, that of his state and that of the U.S is Washington D.C Which is not a state but
a territory directly controlled by the federal government.
Washington D.C.
The national capital of the U.S. is Washington. The Members of Congress could not agree on the choice of the place for the
capital city. after much discussion, it was finally decided that the capital should occupy an independent area. The place
chosen for the Federal Government was named Washington, by George Washington, the district of Columbia, by Christopher
Columbus. The nation’s capital was planned by Pierre l’Enfant, a French artist and architect who had fought in the
revolutionary War. Situated on the Potomac River, Washington is today one of the most beautiful American cities. It is a
modern City with about one million inhabitants, long wide avenues, gardens and beautiful parks. As the capital of the U.S.
Washington attracts many tourists. The chief centres of interest are: -The white house, the president’s residence; the Capitol,
the seat of the American Congress.
The Constitution
The united states of American is a federal Union of fifty states and the district of Columbia Federal Government resides in
Washington D.C., which is the capital of the nation .
The Government of the U.S. is based on the Constitution, a short document written about 200 years ago.The Constitution of
the United States provides for three equal and independent branches ( the congress), the executive branch (the president),
and the judicial branch (the supreme court).
The President
The President of the U.S.A. is the head of the states, head of the government and commander in-chief of the armed forces.
As chief executive, he Carries out the decision made by congress, he may originate legislation which must then be
approved by congress, in time of emergency and in foreign affairs he can alt on his own.
A number of secretaries, each in charge of a department, assist the president in the administration of the national, the best
known of these is the secretary of state, who deals whit foreign affairs.
Congress
The American congress, like most parliaments, consists of two houses: the senate and the house of representatives. The
senate consist 100 senators, two from each state, senators are elected for a term of six years, the senate is president over by
the vice-president of the U.S...
The members of the house of representatives are elected every two years, the number of representatives for each state is in
proportion to the number of electors.
The house of representatives is president over by the speaker. Congress meets in the capitol, in Washington, D.C., and its
main function is to make laws which become effective after the president’s approval.
A FAMOUS KENNEDY SENETENCE
The united states of America is the fourth largest country in the world after the ex U.S.S.R. , Canada and china occupies an area nearly as large as
the whole of Europe: 2,575 kilometres from north to south and 4,500 kilometres from east to west. Its vast territory offers an enormous variety of
climate, landscape and the natural resources. The union is made up of states. The United states has several mountains chains, Rocky Mountains, in
the east, the Appalachian Mountains. The highest mountain in North America is Mount McKinley in Alaska; but the highest peak in continental
United States is Mount Whitney in the state California. Mount Mitchell is the highest peak in the east. Between the Appalachian in the east and
the Rockies in the west is a vast fertile plane of more then a million square miles formed by the valley of the Mississippi and the its tributaries.
The Mississippi is the principal rivers in the United States. It rises in the state of Minnesota and flows about 2,400 miles south to the Gulf of
Mexico. Another important river, which also flows into the Gulf of Mexico, is the Rio Grande. The Mississippi and its many tributaries drain en
area equal to two-thirds of the whole country. This great central plain (often called “the Central Basin” ) is not only the centre of American
agriculture but also the side of some of the country’s great industrial cities. Other well-Known American cities are located on the Pacific Coast.
The two great rivers of the pacific side are the Colorado in the in the south and the Columbia which rises in Canada and drains the north. Most of
the country’s great lakes are situated in the northern region, along the Canadian border. They are : Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, Lake
Huron, and Lake Ontario. The United States in winters are often severe in the northern region with temperatures is very cold, to south is very
worn. The United States has a temperatures and comparatively mild climate. The Grand Canyon is the most spectacular example of water erosion
in the world. The Colorado river which is one of the greatest river system in the United States. Animal life in the Grand Canyon region includes
about 70 species of mammals, 250 species of birds, 25 reptiles and 5 amphibians. Many hundred India villages have been discovered in the
canyon: Five Indian tribes live in the region today. The first white man to see the Grand Canyon was a Spanish explorer, Garcia Lopez de
Gardena, who discovered it in 1540.
It was born in 1797 in Reggio Emilia with the colours green, white and red. This flag is inspired
to the French model flag. In the Italian Kingdom it symbolized people and freedom. On June
2nd 1946 the Italian flag symbolized the Italian Republic.
THE NATIONAL ANTHEM
Well known as Mameli’s Anthem was written in 1847 by Goffredo Mameli.
Giuseppe Verdi chose this anthem to symbolize our Country.
Later on October 12th 1946 it became the National Anthem of the Italian Republic.
Prime Minister Blair
Tony Blair is the British Prime Minister. In 1997 the Labour party won
the election and Blair, who is the leader of the party, was appointed
Prime minister by the Queen and formed a Government: the
government, called “cabinet”, is made up by ministers chosen from the
members of Parliament (both the House of Lords and the House of
Commons) by the Prime Minister.
The Union Jack
The flag of Wales was not used when the Union Jack was designed The Welsh flag is green and
white, and as a red dragon in the centre.
While it is evident that the flag was called “ Union” to symbolize the unity of the nation,
historians
Do not agree on the origin of the name “Jack”: some say it is the nickname of King James 1 who
in 1603 united the crowns of England and Scotland others say it is called so because the flag was
often seen flaying on the “jack staff” ( a tall pole) of ships to show their nationality
The cross of St George
The crossof St Andrew,
the patron saint
the patron saint
of England
of Scotland
The cross of St Patrick,
the patron saint
of Ireland
The union Jack
The red, white, and blue flag of the United States represents the growth of the nation.
The national flag of the United State of American as 13 horizontal stripes, 7 red end 6
white end in the top left hand corner 50 white stars on a blue ground.
The 13 stripes, or bards, stand four the original 13 states, while the 50 stars represent the
actual states of the Union.
The popular name four the American flag is ”the stars and stripes”.
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi was born in Livorno in 1920,
economist, man and official from “Bank from Italy”
from 1946. He was governor of Italy from world
political Italian Bank. He had a degree in Italian
Literature in 1941 and a degree in law at the
University of Pisa in 1946. In 1960 he was manager of
“Bank of Italy”. In 1994 he was premier. He had
various jobs of international importance. As Minister
of Treasury, Ciampi permitted the participation of
Italy to the European coin (Euro). On May 13th , 1999
he was elected the 10th President of the Italian
Republic and Berlusconi is the Prime Minister.
Bibliography
Carla Rho Fiorina “Around and about Britain and the States” ed.Principato
R.D’Anna Dinatolo Marcarelli “Whoopee again” ed.Fratelli Ferraro
M.Cammameri L.Freeman “Life in Britain and the United States” ed.Morano
Quotidiano per ragazzi Erasmo ed. Emme effe srl. Editoriale Charta
Sitography
An encharta Encyclopedia Article titled “ Labour Party” (United Kingdom)
The White House Email Updates “President G:Bush”
Presidenza della Repubblica www. Quirinale .it
Presidenza della Repubblica C:.Ciampi “biografia”.