MinMars Project
Surface Infrastructure Update
A DevelopSpace Project
June 15th, 2008
Overview
• Ongoing process to size all surface infrastructure elements based on
previous literature
– This presentation is not to detail surface infrastructure element sizes, but
to discuss several key points and ask opinions on overall concept
• Key questions being analyzed
– What infrastructure is needed?
– Can this be done in 5 – 10 mt landed payloads
• No analysis of landing systems
• Focused on two types of elements
– Cargo
• Either pre-deployed or re-supply
– Pre-deployed must survive 2+ years on the surface
– How much autonomous construction is required?
– Crewed
• 30-day surface survival capability
• EVA Suits and Mobility included
• No consideration for in-space transit
Surface Infrastructure Categories
•
Structures
– Pressurized & Unpressurized
– Habitation
– Rigid & Inflatable
•
Thermal
– Minimal integrated thermal
– Deployed surface radiators
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•
Life Support
– Based on Wilfried’s assessment
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•
In-situ Resource Utilization
– Basic vs. extended capability
Maintenance & Repair
– Facilities, Spare Parts, Raw Materials
•
Science & Exploration
– Facilities & Tools
•
Extra Vehicular Activities
– EVA Suits & Spares
•
Surface Mobility
– Unpressurized Crew Mobility
– Pressurized Crew Mobility
– Asset Mobility
Communication & Navigation
– Mars surface network
– Mars-Earth network
Crew Systems
– Medical
– Hygiene
Power
– Minimal integrated power (for keep
alive of pre-deployed elements)
– Deployed surface power
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•
•
Consumables & Logistics
– Initial cache & resupply
Cargo Landers
• Cargo Landers
– Individual units that are able to sustain initial period without
interaction with other systems
• Common structure (5m by 5m rigid cylinder) (~1mt)
• Basic power, thermal, communications, avionics (~ 1mt)
• Each element can carry ~3mt of payload
• Approximately five cargo landers required
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Deployable power & thermal systems
Central life support and ISRU
Logistics & cargo lander
Habitat lander(s)
Mobility asset (pressurized and unpressurized rovers & asset
mobility)
Crewed Lander
• Deliver crew to Martian surface
– Maintain crew for 30-days
• Requires consumables for 30-days without ISRU capability
• Requires fully functioning power, thermal, and life support systems
– Provide EVA capability to enable base assembly and initialization
• Mass will be very tight on this element
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Structures (1mt)
Crew & EVA Suits (1mt)
Consumables (0.5mt)
Life Support (0.5mt)
Power & thermal (1mt)
Avionics, communications (0.5mt)
Questions/Discussion
• Currently creating sizing sheets to better flush
out details of the elements
• Pre-deployed assets
– At what point does the infrastructure have to be to
send crew?
• Successful landings vs fully-functioning
• Crew lander
– How does the crew lander interact with the in-space
habitat?
– How is this achieved
BACK-UP SLIDES
Structures
• Common 5m by 5m rigid cylinder (~100 m3)
– Baseline: Al 6061 T6 & MLI
– Two floors: ~39 m2 (420 ft2) of floor area
– Mass: ~1 mt
• Inflatable Structures
– Used to add habitable volume
– Free-standing vs. attached
Power
• Baseline: Non-Tracking Solar & RFC
– Volume Specific Power
• 0.0019P3-0.3882P2+29.933P+955.28
– Mass Specific Power
• 0.00004P3-0.0082P2+0.6887P+6.1184
– Valid from 35kW – 80kW
– 50kW requires ~2mt & 30m3
• How densely can this be packed?
• Concept one dedicated cargo lander with power
systems (including deployment assets) with
connections to all other units
• All other assets will require integrated power to
survive for period between landing and connection
Thermal
• Each element will be required to have
plumbing, cold plates, heat exchangers, and
survival radiators
– Will also require deployable radiators on the
Martian surface to handle operational heat loads
• Not considering Thermal Protection System
for landing
Communication & Navigation
• Each element requires low-data rate surface
network and Earth-Mars network
• System will require high-data rate networks
for operation
• Avionics in NASA’s DRM is ~150 kg per
element
– (from Exploration Blueprint)
– 1.5 mt in DRM-1
Life Support/ISRU
• Baseline: Components from Wilfried’s presentation
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4BMS
Solid state compressor
Sabatier reactor
Methane pyrolysis reactor
Electrolysis unit
Multi-filtration
Vapor compression distillation
• Hardware mass is approximately 250 kg/person
• One system could be deployed and attached to all
elements
– Each element would require plumbing, fans, sensors, etc.
Crew Systems
• Hardware for basic survival
– Food preparation & storage
– Hygiene
– Sleep provisions
– Housekeeping
– Washing machine
• Total system mass can vary greatly
• Components can be spread out between
elements
Near-Term Mars Colonization
-A DevelopSpace ProjectJune 15th, 2008
Mars Results
Mass Specific Power vs. Average Power Level On Mars
Mass Specific Power (W/kg)
30
Non-Tracking+RFC
Non-Tracking+Li-Ion batteries
25
Nuclear+stirling
Nuclear+Brayton
20
Tracking+RFC
Tracking+Li-Ion
15
Non-Tracking+RFC+RTG(5kW)
Tracking+RFC+RTG(5kW)
10
Non-Tracking+Li-Ion+RTG(5kW)
Tracking+Li-Ion+RTG(5kW)
5
Non-Tracking+RTG(20kW)
Tracking+RTG(20kW)
2xMass Non-Tracking+RTG(20kW)
0
25
35
45
55
Avg Power (kW)
65
75
Mars Results Continued
Volume Specific Power vs. Average Power Level On Mars
Mass Specific Power (W/m^3)
8000
Non-Tracking+RFC
7000
Non-Tracking+Li-Ion batteries
6000
Nuclear+stirling
5000
Tracking+RFC
Nuclear+Brayton
Tracking+Li-Ion
4000
Non-Tracking+RFC+RTG(5kW)
Tracking+RFC+RTG(5kW)
3000
Non-Tracking+Li-Ion+RTG(5kW)
2000
Tracking+Li-Ion+RTG(5kW)
Non-Tracking+RTG(20kW)
1000
Tracking+RTG(20kW)
2xMass Non-Tracking+RTG(20kW)
0
25
35
45
55
Avg Power (kW)
65
75
Mars Solar Surface Power
• Issues to be resolved
– RFC performance may be significantly reduced
compared to our assumptions
• 300 Wh/kg or less
• Could possibly be enhanced by generating oxygen for
RFC in-situ (~ 25% of RFC mass)
– Effect of wind speed on roll-out arrays
• Would they be blown away?
– Degradation, dust removal
– Robotic deployment
Mars Surface Infrastructure (1)
DRM 1.0: infrastructure
after 1st opportunity
Mars Surface Infrastructure (2)
DRM 1.0: infrastructure
after 2nd opportunity
Mars Surface Infrastructure (3)
DRM 1.0: infrastructure
after 3rd opportunity
Mars Surface Infrastructure (4)
DRM 1.0: hab or lab module final landing
Mars Surface Infrastructure (5)
DRM 1.0: mobile hab and lab modules connected
Mars Surface Infrastructure (6)
DRM 3.0: hab-module with inflatable extension
Mars Surface Infrastructure (7)
Hab module for dual landers DRM
Mars Surface Infrastructure (8)
DRM 1.0:MAV under-slung cargo delivery and deployment
Mars Surface Infrastructure (9)
Mass allocations for Mars Direct
components on surface of Mars
ERV components
ERV cabin structure
Life Support System
consumables
Solar Arrays (5 kW)
Reaction Control System
Communications and Information Management
Furniture and Interior
Space Suits (4)
Spares and Margin (16%)
Aeroshell (for Earth Return)
Rover
Hydrogen Feedstock
ERV Propulsion stages
Propellant Production Plant
Nuclear reactor (100 kW)
mT
3
1
3.4
1
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.4
1.6
1.8
0.5
6.3
4.5
0.5
3.5
Total Mass
28.6
Habitat components
Habitat structure
Life Support System
Consumables
Solar Arrays (5 kW)
Reaction Control System
Communications and Information Management
Furniture and Interior
Space Suits (4)
Spares and margin (16%)
Pressurized Rover
Open Rovers (2)
Lab Equipment
Field Science Equipment
Crew
mT
5
3
7
1
0.5
0.2
1
0.4
3.5
1.4
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.4
25.2
Mass Budget for Habitat-1
Habitat Module Structure
Furniture and Interior
Life Support System
Comm/Info
Hydrogen and Hab ISRU
Health Care
Thermal
Crew accommodation
Spares and Margin
Science
Crew
Surface power (reactor)
Power Distribution
EVA Suits
Open Rovers
Pressurized Rover
Consumables
EVA Consumables
Descent fuel cell
Reaction Control System
Total Landed
Mars Direct DRM-3 MSM
5
5.5
4.8
1
0
1.5
3
4.7
3.8
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0
0
1.3
0
0
0
0.6
0.5
0
11.5
0
3.5
0
0
1
0
0
0.4
0.5
0.4
0
1.7
5
0
0.3
0.3
0.4
1
1
0.8
0.5
0
1.4
0
0
7
0
3.2
0
2.3
0
1
3
1.3
0.5
0
0.5
26.9
31.9
22.6
Explanation for MSM figures
Scaled from DRM-3
NASA model for crew of six
DRM-3
DRM-3 Scaled
Included in individual listings
At least 25 kWe needed
DRM-3 Scaled
DRM-3
Mass budgeted with surface power
98% closed H20/02 + food (=0.630 kg/per/day for 600 days)
Produced by ISRU on MAV and Hab
Mars Direct
Total of Above
Mars Wish List
Transportation
• Automated Mars landing and hazard avoidance
navigation systems
• Mars in-situ propellant production friendly rocket
combustion / performance characterization
(C2H4/LOX; CH4/LOX); more important if people
want to come back
• Large-scale (20mt+) Mars aero-entry (and EDL more
generally) technology
• Low mass, cost, power and ideally autonomous
deep-space (out to at least ~2 AU) navigation
systems (software, hardware)
Power
• Automated, large scale (football field+) solar array
transport, surface deployment, and maintenance
systems
• High energy density electrical power storages
systems (aiming in particular towards high energy
density relative to Earth imported mass)
• Mars surface internal combustion engines (LOX, plus
various fuels, e.g., C2H4, CH4, CO, etc), possibly with
water exhaust reclamation.
Life Support, Logistics, ISRU
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•
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Mars atmosphere collection systems (at minimum CO2; adding N2 and Ar is useful;
H2O depends on energy/mass intensity relative to other options)
Mars permafrost mining systems (for varying wt% H2O); note, this is much easier
than mining putative lunar ice
Good, high capacity Mars surface cryocoolers (options for just soft/medium
cryogens (e.g., LOX, CH4, C2H4), or also for hard cryogen (LH2))
Earth-Mars hydrogen transport systems (not necessarily as LH2)
Basic ISRU chemical processing systems (e.g., H2O electrolysis, Sabatier, RWGS,
CO2 electrolysis, ethylene production, etc.)
High closure physical-chemical life support systems (e.g., air revitalization, water
recycling)
"Food system" for food supplied from Earth. Consider being able to survive on
food shipped 5 years ago.
Mars surface food production systems
Simple in-situ manufacturing systems (e.g., for spare parts)
Simple raw materials production (e.g., plastics such polyethylene, epoxies,
ceramics, etc.)
Outpost Ops and Surface Exploration
• Mars surface communication and navigation systems
(e.g., for rovers), sans extensive satellite constellation
• Very high data rate Mars-Earth back-haul comm
system
• Good Mars surface EVA suits
• Data collection, analysis in support of landing site /
outpost location selection
• Very long distance surface mobility systems
(including with people)
• Solar flare / SPE warning systems