ATTITUDES
WHAT IS AN ATTITUDE?
What do we have attitudes on?
 Where do attitudes come from?
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 Dispositional
attitudes (Hepler & Albarracin, 2013)
 APE Model Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2014)
 ELM (Petty & Brinol, 2012)
 Are they implicit or explicit?
 Is there one or more than one?
 Are they related to our biology?
DISPOSITIONAL ATTITUDES
Why would we have dispositional attitudes?
 Would this scale work in other cultures?
 Is method variance an issue?
 How did they develop and test scale? What
evidence for reliability and validity?
 Do the concepts it’s related to remind you of
anything?
 How does this fit with APE and ELM?
 Your score?

IMPLICIT VS EXPLICIT ATTITUDES
How are implicit and explicit attitudes related?
 Meta-cognitive model/ELM (Petty & Brinol,
2006)
 Wilson’s (Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000)
dual attitude approach
 APE model
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HERITABILITY/BIOLOGY

Tesser, 1993
 http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi
=10.1.1.397.3326&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Olson, Vernon, Harris, & Lang, 2001
 https://books.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/psp
806845.pdf

Petersen, Sznycer, Sell, Cosmides, & Tooby,
2013
ATTITUDE STRUCTURE
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Attitude accessibility
Affective, cognitive, and behavioral components
Attitude functions
Attitude knowledge
Attitude ambivalence
Attitude importance, certainty, personal relevance, etc.
Interattitudinal structure
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Balance, cognitive dissonance
Dual attitude model (Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000)
PAST (Petty, Tormala, Brinol, & Jarvis, 2006)
What effects do attitude structures have?
HISTORY OF RESEARCH ON PERSUASION
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Attitudes as social psych’s “most indispensable concept”
Hovland, WW2 researchers (50s, 60s)
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Festinger, 1957
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Who said what to whom
Learning principles
Cognitive dissonance theory
“New looks” of dissonance
Wicker, 1969 and crisis
Greenwald, Petty, Ostrom, Brock (80s)
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Cognitive response approach
Thoughts elicited matter
MORE PERSUASION WORK
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Anderson (80s)
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Latané, Harton, Tesser (90s)
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Information integration theory
Averaging info
Catastrophe theory
Dynamical systems approach
Petty & Brinol (2006)
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Meta-cognitive model
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Self-validation theory
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Implicit only affects explicit if people endorse them
Thoughts matter more when confidence in them
Nodding head
Wilson’s research on thinking about reasons (80s, 90s)
HARTON, 1998 (BASED ON LATANÉ & NOWAK,
1994)
ELM (PETTY & CACIOPPO, 1986)

What does the ELM predict?
 Central
vs. peripheral route
 What determines persuasion in high vs. low EL
situations?
 Senior comprehensive exam paradigm
 How do attitudes formed or changed through
central vs. peripheral differ?

Heuristic systematic model (Eagly & Chaiken,
1986)
ELM
What was new about the ELM? What are its
strengths?
 Figure 11.1
 What affects amount of thought and content of
thoughts?
 How can variables affect persuasion?

Expertise of source
 Mood
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How can the model be applied to stereotypes?

anchoring?
MODIFICATIONS/ADD ONS TO ELM
Petty & Brinol (2006)
 Meta-cognitive model
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 Implicit

only affects explicit if people endorse them
Self-validation hypothesis
 Thoughts
matter more when confidence in them
 Nodding head
Small group
 What implications does the ELM have for
politics?
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ASSOCIATIVE-PROPOSITIONAL EVALUATION
MODEL (GAWRONSKI & BODENHAUSEN, 2006;
2014)
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What does this model add that’s new?
What are associative and propositional evaluations and
what effects do they have?
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Are they implicit/explicit?
What are they based on?
How are they affected by context?
Where is the dissonance in this approach, and how can
it be resolved?
What effects do thought have on the relationship
between implicit and explicit attitudes?
APE AND ATTITUDE CHANGE
What does the model suggest about when
implicit attitudes will change?
 Explicit attitudes?
 How do implicit and explicit attitudes relate to
each other?

APE
How does it differ from the ELM (Petty &
Cacioppo, 1986)
 HSM (Chaiken & Eagly, 1987)?
 How would this approach explain prejudice?
 What does it suggest about attitude stability?
 IAT and implicit measurement issues
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ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR
LaPiere, 1934
 Wicker, 1969
 Why might attitudes not predict behavior?
 When do attitudes predict behavior?
 Recent approaches:

Accessibility
 Theory of reasoned action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1980)
 Theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991)
 Implicit vs. explicit attitudes?

THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR (AJZEN, 2006)