Animal Kingdom and
Sponges
Classification of living things
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protisita
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Introduction to the Animal Kingdom
 Members of the animal kingdom share certain
characteristics:
 Multicellular
 Eurkayotic
 Lack cell walls
 Heterotrophs-they obtain nutrients and energy by
feeding on organic compounds from other organisms.
 The bodies of most animals contain tissues.
 Animals have epithelial, muscular, connective, and nervous
tissues.
Epithelial Tissues- cover body surfaces
Muscle Tissue-contains proteins that enable the cells to
contract moving parts of animals’ bodies.
Connective Tissue- such as bone or blood, support an
animals’ body and connective parts.
Bone Tissue- produce minerals that give strength and
hardness to the bone.
Nervous Tissue- is composed of nerve cells, which have
threadlike projections that act like telephone wires to
carry information throughout the body.
Invertebrates- animals that
have no backbone or vertebral
column. 95% of species.
Vertebrates- have a backbone
(fish, amphibians, reptiles,
birds, and mammals). Only 5%
of species.
What animals do to survive
Animals must carry out the following
essential functions to survive:
Feeding
Respiration
Circulation
Excretion
Response
Movement
Reproduction
Feeding
Most animals cannot absorb food; instead they
ingest (or eat) it.
Herbivores-eat plants
Carnivores-eat other animals
Omnivores- eat both plants and animals
Detritivores-eat decaying plant and animal
matter.
Respiration
All animals whether they live in water
or on land respire.
Respire- take in oxygen and give off
carbon dioxide.
Circulation
Many small aquatic animals, such as some
aquatic worms, rely solely on diffusion to
transport oxygen, nutrient molecules, and
waste products among all their cells.
Other larger animals have some kind of
circulatory system to move materials around
within their bodies.
Excretion
A primary waste product of cells in ammonia, a
poisonous substance that contains nitrogen.
Most animals have an excretory system that
either eliminates ammonia quickly or converts it
into a less toxic substance that is removed from
the body.
Excretory systems vary from cells that pump
water out of the body to complex organs such as
kidneys
Response
Animals respond to events in their
environments using specialized cells
called nerve cells.
The arrangement of nerve cells in the
body changes dramatically from phylum
to phylum.
Movement
Most animals are motile meaning they
can move.
Muscle contraction enables motile
animals to move around, usually working
in combination with a support structure
called a skeleton.
Reproduction
Most animals reproduce sexually by
producing haploid gametes, which helps
create and maintain genetic diversity in
populations.
Many invertebrates can also reproduce
asexually. This allows animals to
increase their numbers rapidly.
Sponges
Chordates
Cnidarians
Echinoderms
Flatworms
Roundworms
Arthropods
Mollusks
Annelids
Trends in Animal Evolution
Complex animals tend to have high
levels of cell specialization and internal
body organization, bilateral body
symmetry, a front end or head with
sense organs and a body cavity.
Cell specialization and levels of
organization
Groups of specialized cells form
Tissues which form
Organs which form
Organ systems
All of which work together to carry out
a variety of complex functions
Early Development
Animals that reproduce sexually begin
life as a zygote, or fertilized eggs.
The zygote undergoes a series of
division to form a blastula.
During early development, the cells of most
animal embryos differentiate into three
layers called germ layers.
Endoderm- innermost germ layer, develop into
the linings of the digestive tract and much of
the respiratory system.
Mesoderm-middle layer, gives rise to the
muscles and much of the circulatory,
reproductive and excretory organ systems.
Ectoderm-outermost layer, gives rise to the
sense organs, nerves, and outer most layer of
the skin.
Body Symmetry
With the exception of sponges, every kind of
animal exhibits some type of body symmetry.
Radial symmetry- similar to that of a bicycle
wheel, in which any number of imaginary planes
can be drawn through the center, each dividing
the body into equal pieces.
Bilateral symmetry- Such as a crayfish, only a
single imaginary plane can divide the body into
two equal halves. They have left and right sides.
Bilateral symmetry
The anatomy allows for segmentation, in which
the body is constructed of many repeated and
similar parts or segments. Animals with bilateral
symmetry such as worms and insects, and
vertebrates, typically have external body parts
that repeat on each side of the body. The
combination of bilateral symmetry and
segmentation is found in two of the most
successful animal groups- arthropods and
vertebrates.
Cephalization
Cephalization- is the concentration of
sense organs and nerve cells at the
front end of the body. Animals with
cephalization respond to their
environment more quickly and in more
complex ways than simpler animals can.
Body Cavity Formation
Fluid filled space that lies between the
digestive track and body wall.
It provides space in which internal organs can
be suspended so that they are not pressed on
by muscles or twisted out of shape by body
movements.
Allow for specialized regions to develop
Provide room for internal organs to grow and
expand.
Sponges
This
Not
That
Sponges
Sponges are classified as animals because they
are multicellular, heterotrophic, have no cell
walls, and contain a few specialized cells.
They have nothing resembling a mouth or gut,
and they have no tissues or organ systems.
Sponges are sessile (they live their entire life
attached to one spot)
In the phylum Porifera which means “porebearers”
Form and Function in sponges
Sponges carry out basic functions, such
as feeding and circulation, by moving
water through their bodies.
Body plan
Sponges are asymmetrical
Sponges have no front, back, left or right sides.
They have a body that forms a wall around a
large central cavity through which water is
circulated continually.
Choanocytes- are specialized cells that use
flagella to move a steady current of water
through the sponge.
Osculum- a large hole at the top of the sponge
where the water leaves.
 The movement of water through the sponge provides
a simple mechanism for feeding, respiration,
circulation, and excretion.
 Sponges have a simple skeleton
 Spicule- a spike-shaped structure make od chalklike
calcium carbonate or glasslike silica.
 Archaeocytes- specialized cells that move around the
within the walls of the sponge and make spicules.
 Softer sponges have an internal skeleton make of
spongin, a network of flexible protein fibers. These
are the sponges that are harvested and used as
natural bath sponges.
Feeding
Sponges are filter feeders that sift microscopic
food particles from the water.
Digestion is intracellular
As water moves through the sponge, food
particles are trapped and engulfed by
choanocytes that line the body cavity. These
particles are then digested or passed onto
archaeocytes. The archaeocytes complete the
digestive process and transport digested food
throughout the sponge.
Respiration, Circulation and
Excretion
As water moves through the body
cavity, oxygen dissolved in the water
diffuses into the surrounding cells. At
the same time, carbon dioxide and
other wastes, such as ammonia, diffuse
into the water and are carried away.
Response
Sponges do not have a nervous system.
Many sponges protect themselves by
producing toxins that make them
unpalatable or poisonous to potential
predators.
Example of sponges
Pink Sponge
Tube Sponge
Yellow Sponge
Painted Tunicate
Common Sea Squirt
Red Tree Sponge
Vase Sponge
Animation of a
sponge