Social Studies STAAR Review
Reform, Manifest Destiny, Civil War, Reconstruction
Reform Movements
Second Great Awakening - religious revival that stressed saving
others.
Abolition Movement — The social movement to end slavery.
(Leaders: Fredrick Douglas, Sojourner Truth, William L.
Garrison)
Public Education — Between 1830-1850, many northern states
opened free public schools. (Leaders: Horace Mann)
Labor Reform Movement — Social movement where workers
began pro-testing and strikes to get better wages and working
hours.
Women’s Rights — This movement sought the equal treatment
of women, including the right to vote. (Leaders: Stanton,
Anthony) Started when women abolitionists were not allowed
to participate in conventions.
Temperance Movement — Social movement to stop drinking
alcohol. Alcohol seen as cause of crime, poverty, bad health,
and destroyer of families.
Prison Reform - prisons turned to help rehabilitate inmates
instead of simply removing them from society.
Asylums and Mentally Ill- movement lead by to build
hospitals and care for the mentally ill and mentally challenged.
They had been thrown into jails where they were mistreated
and abused.
Abolitionism in the North
Northern States had outlawed slavery and they wanted the
Southern States to do the same.
Underground Railroad - secret network made to smuggle
runaway slaves to Canada. Quakers involved in network.
The Liberator– an abolitionist newspaper published by William
Lloyd Garrison.
Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth– both born slaves but
had escaped slavery and became leading abolitionist. Douglass
published the North Star.
Harriett Beecher Stowe– wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” which
portrayed slavery in the South.
Harriet Tubman — Former slave and conductor of the
Underground Railroad
Reformers
Susan B. Anthony — Leader in women’s suffrage (right to vote)
movement for 50 years to the effort to attain equal rights for
women.
Henry David Thoreau — American essayist, poet, practical
philosopher, and transcendentalist. Wrote “Civil Disobedience”
(passive resistance) and sup-ported abolitionism.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton — Author of declaration of the rights of
women, seeking equal rights for women. Her and Lucretia Mott
held the first women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY.
The product of the convention was the Declaration of Rights
and Sentiments. It demanded political, economic, and social
equality.
Horace Mann — Father of Public Education; believed the state
should educate children to end poverty.
Manifest Destiny - the belief that America is destined to go from “Sea to
shining Sea” or the Atlantic to the Pacific.
Roots - Political - control land and expand nations power.
Economic - Wealth– rich farm lands, timber, minerals and gold
Gold Rush - 1849 California - immigrants from all over world look for gold.
Social - Mormons moved from New York to Utah to practice their religion
freely. Mormons suffered violence as they headed west because of their
beliefs.
Territories - Texas annexed. Texas had declared independence in 1836.
Oregon - Polk ran for President demanding all of territory. "54 40' or
Fight." split with British., and Mexican Cession (see below)
Gadsden Purchase (1853)— Land purchased from Mexico in used to
complete Southern Pacific railroad.
Mexican War (James K. Polk –President)
- Caused by annexation of Texas. America and Mexico argued over
annexation and the border between the Texas and Mexico.
- Polk sends troops to Rio Grande to provoke Mexican response. When
Mexican Army attacks, Polk claims American blood has been shed on
American soil. Congress declares war. America defeats Mexico.
Opposition - included Fred Douglass, Abe Lincoln, Thoreau. Seen as and
unjust war to spread slavery against a weaker nation.
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo - Mexico recognizes Texas as a part of the
U.S. and Rio Grande as the border. Mexico gave up the Mexican Cession
including California. Mexicans living in lost territory are promised
citizenship and protection of their property. Most Mexican property is
stripped away.
Causes of the Civil War
Compromise of 1850 - made by Clay over Mexican Cession.
North got California Free and no slave trade in Wash DC
South got New Mexico and Utah territories open to slavery.
Fugitive Slave Law - Law that required northerners to actively hunt
runaway slaves. Angered many in north.
Uncle Tom's Cabin - anti-slavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe
that divided the nation.
Kansas-Nebraska Act- Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas introduced a bill to
organize the Kansas and Nebraska territories for a railroad. To get
Southern support, the bill opened the territories to slavery (popular
sovereignty). Pro-slavery and Free-Soilers moved to Kansas to control
territory. Violence erupted between the two forces – “Bleeding Kansas.”
Causes of the Civil War cont.
Republican Party – Party that opposed the spread of slavery in the
territories.
Dred Scott v Sanford – Supreme Court case. Slave Dred Scott sues
owner for his freedom since he lived in a free state with his master.
Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens and
could not sue. Missouri Compromise and other congressional deals on
slavery in the territories were ruled unconstitutional. Slavery then
legal in all territories.
Harpers Ferry – Radical abolitionist John Brown leads unsuccessful raid
to start slave rebellion. South blames Republicans for Brown and start
getting state militias ready for war.
Election of 1860 – Lincoln runs for president as Republican.
Democrats split over secession (ability of a state to leave the Union).
Lincoln wins northern more populous states and electoral vote.
Secession – Starting in South Carolina, Southern Democrat states start
to secede before Lincoln takes office. Florida, Georgia, Alabama,
Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas secede.
People of the Civil War
Abraham Lincoln– President of The United States during the Civil War.
Jefferson Davis– President of the Confederate States of America.
Ulysses S. Grant– Commanding Union General– won major victories
for the Union (Shiloh and Vicksburg)- defeated Lee’s troops in Virginia
and accepted Lee’s surrender at the Appomattox in 1865
Robert E. Lee--Confederate General– commanded the Northern Army
of Virginia- fought for the Confederacy because of Virginia– won early
victories and invaded the north twice and lost both times (at Antietam
and Gettysburg)- surrendered at Appomattox
William Carney – First African-American to win the Congressional
Medal of Honor.
Philip Bazaar – Chilean-American sailor who won the Congressional
Medal of Honor.
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson – Confederate General. Lee’s top officer.
Defeated larger Union armies before being accidentally killed by own
soldier.
Events of the Civil War
Fort Sumter - First shots of the Civil war. Fort Sumter was occupied by
Federal troops. Confederate troops attacked the fort and the Civil War
began. Lincoln called for troops and Virginia, North Carolina,
Tennessee and Arkansas seceded.
Battle of Antietam - single bloodiest battle of the Civil War. Union
victory allowed Lincoln to release the Emancipation Proclamation.
Emancipation Proclamation – Lincoln’s proclamation that all slaves in
the rebelling states were free. It made the war a war against slavery.
It made Britain and France back out of supporting Confederate
Independence. African-Americans could join army.
Siege of Vicksburg – Tuning point victory by Union. Vicksburg,
Mississippi was the last Confederate stronghold along the Mississippi
River. Union took control of the Mississippi River and cut the
Confederacy in two.
Battle of Gettysburg – Turning point victory by Union. Lee invaded the
North. Largest battle in Western Hemisphere. Because of loss, Lee
went on defensive.
Appomattox Court House – Lee surrendered his army to Grant. Seen
as the end of the war.
Assassination of Lincoln – Lincoln was assassinated by Confederate
John Wilkes Booth. Shocked the nation. Lincoln’s leadership would
not be there for Reconstruction.
Important Speeches
Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address
Lincoln never said he would take away slaves. He was not going to
surrender the forts in the South. If war started it would be the
South who started it. The North and South should make up.
Jefferson Davis Inaugural Address – The South would protect their
states’ rights. The North would have to start the war.
Gettysburg Address – The North should win the war for the nation
and democracy.
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address – The war was punishment
enough for both sides. They country should help those hurt by war
and focus on moving on.
Reconstruction
Andrew Johnson – President from Tennessee that followed
Lincoln’s goals for a easy Reconstruction that did not punish the
South. Johnson was not worried about Freedmen. Clashes with
Radical Republicans led to his impeachment.
Radical Republicans wanted to rebuild the South and grant
citizenship rights to Freedmen. After gaining control of Congress,
divided the South into five districts under control of military.
Black Codes- Laws passed in the South to keep Freedmen on the
bottom. Marriage and Property allowed but Freedmen could not
serve on juries, vote, or hold office. Freemen had to find work.
Sharecropping - Freemen rented land from land owners (often
former slave owners) and paid with a share of their crop. Land
owners kept sharecroppers in debt. Replaced slavery.
Scalawags — a native white Southerner who collaborated with the
occupying forces during Reconstruction, often for personal gain.
Carpetbaggers — a Northerner who went to the South after the
Civil War and became active in Republican politics and take
advantage economically in the ruined South.
Ku Klux Klan - group of ex-Confederates who terrorized Freedmen
and Republicans to keep them out of office.
Election of 1876 & Compromise of 1877 – Disputed presidential
election leads to deal where Republicans get presidency and
Democrats get end of Reconstruction and removal of Union troops.
Reconstruction Amendments to the Constitution
13th Amendment—Freed Slaves in all states
14th Amendment — Everyone born in US is a citizen and equal
under the law. Made all former slaves American Citizens. Attacked
Black Codes.
15th Amendment — All men can vote regardless of race, color, or
previous servitude.
Hiram Rhodes Revels — American clergyman and educator who
became the first black citizen to be elected to the U.S. Senate
during Reconstruction. He performed competently in office,
advocating desegregation in the schools and on the railroads.
Western Acts
Morrill Act — land grant that established agricultural-universities.
(Texas A&M)
Dawes Act — Indian policy that broke up reservations into
individual land plots. Almost destroyed Indian culture.
Homestead Act — law that a person could claim 160 acres of land
in the western territories and own it if farmed for five years.