Dynamics of Natural Populations • Population growth curves • Biotic potential versus environmental resistance • Density dependence and critical number Population Equilibrium A dynamic balance between births and deaths. Births Deaths Population Growth Curves Population Growth Curves • Reproductive strategies: Many offspring with low parental care J-shaped growth curve Few offspring with high parental care S-shaped growth curve Population Dynamics • Environmental resistance: combination of biotic and abiotic factors that may limit population increase. • Biotic potential: combination of biotic and abiotic factors that enhance population increase. Density Dependence and Critical Numbers • Factors of environmental resistance are either: – density-independent: effect does not vary with population density; e.g., adverse weather – density-dependent: effect varies with population density; e.g., infectious disease • Critical number: the lowest population level for survival and recovery Mechanisms of Population Equilibrium • Predator-prey dynamics • Competition – Interspecific – Intraspecific • Introduced species Predator-prey Balance: Wolves and Moose Lessons to Be Learned About Predator-Prey Balance • Absence of natural enemies allows an herbivore population to exceed carrying capacity which results in overgrazing of the habitat. • The herbivore population subsequently crashes. • The size of the herbivore population is maintained so that overgrazing or other overuse does not occur. Plant-Herbivore Dynamics Reindeer on St. Matthew Island • No regulatory control (predation) on herbivores • Went into exponential growth pattern • Overgrazed habitat • Massive die-off of herbivores Mechanisms of Population Equilibrium: Plant-Herbivore • Compare the predator-prey with plant-herbivore methods of controlling the size of the herbivore population. • How would the herbivore population growth curve look if diseases or predators were used as the control mechanism? Keystone Species • A single species that maintains biotic structure of the ecosystem • Pisaster ochraeceus a starfish that feeds on mussels, keeping them from blanketing the rocks. http://www.marine.gov/ Competition: Intraspecific • Territoriality: defense of a resource against individuals of the same species – Examples of wolves and songbirds – Results in priority access and use of resources • How do wolves and songbirds establish territory? Competition: Interspecific • Grassland contains plants with both fibrous and tap roots • Coexist by accessing resources from different soil levels Introduced Species • Rabbits in Australia and on Phillip Island (next slide) • Chestnut blight in United States • Japanese beetles, fire ants, gypsy moths in United States • Water hyacinth, kudzu, spotted knapweed, purple loosestrife (see Fig. 4-13 in text) in United States Introduced Species • Why have introductions of nonnative and exotic species resulted in a degradation of ecosystems? (Think in terms of environmental resistance and biotic potential.) • An example of the answer to this question is given in the next slide. Introduced Species: Rabbits in Australia • Introduced into Australia from England in 1859 • No natural enemies – rabbit population exploded • Overabundant herbivore population devastated natural vegetation (see Fig. 411 in text). • Using disease as control measure – why will this procedure fail in the long-term? Rabbits Overgrazing in Australia Phillip Island 1978 Largely devoid of vegetation Phillip Island 1988 After Rabbit Removal Vulnerability of different organisms to environmental changes. Which Species Will Survive in a Rapidly Changing Environment? • Panda Narrow distribution Small population Low genetic variation Large size Small # of offspring Limited migration • Mouse Wide distribution Large population High genetic variation Small size Large # of offspring High migration Pressures on Ecosystems • What is the carrying capacity for the human population on Earth? • How will the human ecological footprint impact on nature’s goods and services?