The Post World War Two World
Lovingly presented by…
Mr. Mosqueda (and of course, Mrs.
Drake)
The Costs of WWII
•
•
•
•
50-70 million dead worldwide; 400,000
American deaths
An estimated $ 1 trillion dollars = financial
cost of WWII ($341 billion spent by U.S.)
The Soviet Union (Russia + its satellite
nations) suffered the greatest losses (20+
million deaths); was united by Joseph
Stalin under a communist regime.
Much of Europe and Japan lay in ruins and
required rebuilding.
–
•
•
5 billion cubic yards of rubble lay in
Germany alone
Britain, France, Germany, and Japan were
no longer great military powers.
United States and Soviet Union (two
nations with most success in defeating
Hitler) become two competing world
powers
–
Democracy vs. Communism – the Cold War
begins
Potsdam Conference (1945)
•
•
•
•
Prior to the end of WWII, President
Truman met with Joseph Stalin
(USSR) and other world leaders to
discuss what to do with a defeated
Germany.
Truman was afraid of Communism
spreading across Europe under
Stalin’s influence and did not want a
repeat of the anger caused by strictly
punishing Germany for war damages
as was done after WWI.
Joseph Stalin wanted revenge on
Germany and demanded severe
reparations (U.S.S.R. had lost the
most in the war).
At the conference, it was decided
however, that the German economy
must recover after the war or else
total devastation would fall across
Europe.
Potsdam Conference (1945)
•
•
Truman offered Stalin a deal where he
could get some reparations from the
German government, but he would have
to donate food and supplies to the
German people.
Also, Truman learned of the successful
test of the atomic bomb (Trinity Test)
during this conference and told Stalin
about it.
– Hearing the news that the U.S. had an
atomic bomb, Stalin felt bullied into
accepting the deal.
– Created tension between USA and USSR
– roots of the Cold War
•
Germany was divided into four
temporary zones of occupation
administered by the United States, USSR,
Britain, and France until Germany was
rebuilt (5 years).
Berlin Crisis/ Rebuilding of Germany
•
•
•
•
•
Truman believed that if
Germany was restored, the rest
of Europe would be OK.
By 1948, US realized that USSR
was trying to sabotage the
Marshall Plan in Germany.
1/3rd of Germany (East) was
under Soviet control, the rest
(West) was “free.”
Germany separated into 2
countries when USSR cut off all
ties to West Germany.
Truman sent supplies to Berlin,
Germany in an event called the
Berlin Airlift.
– 80 tons of food carried into
Berlin over 11 months
sustained 2.5 million
residents
– One of the greatest
aviation feats in history
United Nations
• Replaced the League of Nations,
which failed after WWI because the
United States did not join.
• Purpose: “bring all nations of the
world together to work for peace and
development, based on the principles
of justice, human dignity and the
well-being of all people.”
• The United Nations came into
existence on Oct. 24, 1945, with 51
member countries and its
headquarters in New York City.
• Since 2007, the UN has been made
up of 192 countries who all agree to
abide by its rules and support its
goals.
The Marshall Plan
• Europe was facing major
economic problems.
• Plan named for U.S.
Secretary of State George
Marshall
• Plan to rebuild Europe
(1947)
– Restore a working economy
and fight against hunger and
poverty
– U.S. contributed $13 billion
in aide.
– Only countries who were not
communist could apply to
receive money under the
Marshall Plan.
Rebuilding of Japan
•
•
•
•
•
U.S. bombing raids had devastated
most Japanese cities.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki lay in ruins
with long-lasting effects of the atomic
bombings.
All major cities (except Kyoto) in
Japan were devastated with food
shortages which would last for years.
The United States temporarily
occupied Japan until 1952 to oversee
recovery efforts and the writing of a
new Japanese constitution.
– Japanese Emperor Hirohito lost all
political and military power; made a
mere symbol of the country
– Right to vote given to all Japanese
citizens
– Human rights guaranteed
– No army or warfare allowed
War crimes trials held with hundreds
executed for war crimes
Nuremberg Trials
•
•
•
•
•
•
An International Military Tribunal was set up
by the U.S., USSR, Britain, and France to try
former Nazis for war crimes committed
during the war.
24 Nazis were accused and tried for such
things as crimes against peace, waging
aggressive warfare, and war crimes. All but 2
were convicted and sentenced to death or
life imprisonment.
Nuremberg Trials were the first of many trials
against high-level Nazi officials. Trials would
continue into the 1960’s and 70’s.
These trials established the fact that, even in
war, murder, rape, and unnecessary force are
crimes.
Many Nazis escaped Europe and are hiding
to this day.
The United States also allowed top Nazi
scientists to enter the country to use their
expertise to develop the space program.
Creation of Israel
•
In 1948, the U.N. recommended a new
state (country) to be created near Palestine
in Israel as a Jewish homeland.
– Israel was occupied by the British at the
time
– Arab lands taken when new boundaries
were drawn
•
•
Arab countries did not allow/accept the
creation of the new nation and promised
war.
State of Israel declared May 14, 1948
– David Ben-Gurion becomes Prime Minister
– USA (Truman) immediately recognized
Israel’s independence as a new nation.
• US remains a strong supporter of
Israel today, angering many Islamic
nations (root of modern terrorism)
Creation of Israel – UN Plan
•
•
•
Israel to be divided between Arabs
(Muslims) and Israeli Jews according
to map at left with the holy city of
Jerusalem being administered by a
neutral international commission.
In spite of plan, the territories are
disputed by both Arabs and Jews.
1967 – In the Six Day War, Israel
seized the West Bank and Gaza Strip
from Palestinians, causing ongoing
violence between the groups. These
regions were occupied by Israel until
2005 when Israel gave up the Gaza
Strip and the northern part of the
West Bank to Palestians.
NATO and the Warsaw Pact
•
•
•
•
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) formed by treaty on April 4,
1949
Alliance formed between the U.S.,
Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France,
Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, The
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, The
UK, and Greece.
Designed to prevent possible attacks
by Communist nations.
Members agree to defend one
another if attacked.
•
•
•
•
Warsaw Pact formed in response to
NATO by eight Communist nations:
Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,
East Germany, Hungary, Poland,
Romania, and the USSR.
Member nations agreed to defend
each other if attacked.
In 1956, however, the USSR took
military action against Hungary, one
of its own member nations, killing
thousands.
The break up of the Soviet Union
(USSR) and the fall of the Berlin Wall
in 1991, greatly weakened the Pact.
NATO/Warsaw Pact
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
– If one country is attacked, then the rest would provide
assistance
• West Germany allowed to join
• Communist Countries (Eastern Europe) signed the
Warsaw Pact
Today’s Secret Word…
Communism
A system of government where
all citizens contribute equally to
society and have equal
ownership in everything
produced.
Eventually capitalism would be
destroyed and turn into
communism
Karl Marx 
Least Fair 
Capitalism
“free county” where
people own
Businesses
to make money
“American Dream”
(USA since 1787)
Fair 
Socialism
The government
controls everything
To ensure everything
is fair and equal
(“communist”
Countries during Cold
War)
Most Fair
Communism
Idealistic self-government
where people contribute
equally for the good
of the entire country
(never happened)
Workers of
the world,
unite! You
have nothing
to lose but
your chains!
The Iron Curtain
• The presence of the Soviet
Army in Eastern Europe
ensured pro-communist
governments would be
established
• Satellite Nations
– Followed policies of USSR
(Soviet Union)
– Separated communist
nations in East from the
capitalistic nations in West
– Tension with USA and
Western Europe
– Japan is allied with USA
From the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic
Sea, an iron curtain has descended
across Europe. Behind that line all the
capitals of Central Europe…All are
subject to Soviet influence and are
controlled by Moscow.
Asian Conflicts
• 1949 Communists win the
Chinese Civil War
– Mao Zedong (Chairman of the
Communist Party) becomes
leader of China
– Chang Kai-shek flees to Taiwan
– American fear of communism
grows
Truman Doctrine
• The USA started a policy of
containment
– Prevent communism from
spreading across the globe
• Stalin and communists leaders
try and push communism
across the middle east
• President Truman made a
speech
– USA will not allow communism to
spread any further, will attack if
necessary
– Socialistic countries attack “free”
countries, destroying peace
(disease)
– Truman Doctrine
The Cold War
• Rivalry between USA (Western
Europe) and Soviet Union
(Eastern Europe)
– Both sides began developing
weapons (arms race)
– No actual fighting actually took
place
– People scared that attack was
imminent
– Lasted from 1945-1990
• Built bomb shelters in back yards
Video Clips:
– Do It Yourself Fallout Shelter
– Happy Days
High school students plan for impending attack
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RHj15wVXec
Duck and Cover! (Video)
(http://www.archive.org/details/duck_and_cover_ipod)
US/USSR/Russian Nuclear Weapon
Stockpile
Changed in 2007 due to North Korea’s
recent nuclear tests, Iran’s nuclear ambitions
and the more than 26,000 weapons owned
by USA and Russia
Countries with Nuclear Weapons
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
United States (NPT) 1945 (9,938)
Russia (NPT) 1949 (16,000)
England (NPT) 1952 (200)
France (NPT) 1960 (350)
China (NPT) 1964 (200)
India 1974 (70-120)
Israel (undeclared) (75-200)
Pakistan 1998 (30-80)
North Korea (withdrew from NPT) 2006 (1-10)
South Africa (disassembled)
Iran (in development)
• Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Turkey, Canada,
Greece (share weapons, borrowed from USA)
The Korean War
• At the end of WWII, the USA
sent troops to disarm the
Japanese troops stationed
there
• Pushed troops to the 38th
Parallel
• North: Communist (Soviet)
• South: Nationalists (USA)
• Two governments organized,
each wanted power of the
whole country
• June 25, 1950: North Korea
invades South Korea
• Video Clip: Truman justifies
invasion and asks for war
powers
38th Parallel
• Divided N and S Korea
• Line of demarcation: most heavily armed border in the
world
Korean DMZ
155 Miles long, 2.5 Miles Wide
From the South
From the North
Soldiers from both sides patrol the
area and occasional violence
happens
End of Korean War
• Eisenhower fulfills his
promise to visit Korea
• Considers using nuclear
weapons to end the war,
finds that they would not be
effective
• UN signs an armistice to
end fighting.
• 38th Parallel remains most
heavily fortified border in
the world
Kim Jong il
Tallest flagpole in the world (525 ft)
Korean War
• President Truman calls on the UN
to act
• With UN approval, Truman sends
Douglas MacArthur to Korea,
pushes troops back to 38th Parallel
to Chinese border
• China enters the war, fighting with
the communists, sending US/UN
troops back across the 38th Parallel
• MacArthur angry, wants to block
China’s ports and drop the Atomic
Bomb
• Truman fires MacArthur (Video
Clip)
– Keep peace, show who is
Commander-in-Chief
– Truman: MacArthur a “Prima
Donna”
MacArthur’s Farewell Address
“I have just left your sons
fighting in Korea…”
“Old soldiers never die; they
just fade away." "And like
the old soldier of that ballad,
I now close my military
career and just fade away —
an old soldier who tried to
do his duty as God gave him
the light to see that duty.
Good-bye."
Korean War
• War continued through July,
1953
• More than 33,600 US
solders died (battles)
• More than 20,600 died from
accidents and disease
• “Police Action”
• Expanded Cold War to Asia
– Japan, South Korea, Taiwan
Philippines, Australia
– China, Vietnam (Communist)
M*A*S*H
Affluent Society
• After the war, the economy
grew quickly
• Income tripled
• GI Bill  College and $ for
soldiers returning from the
war
• Consumerism
– Spend money on luxury items
• Refrigerators, vacuum cleaners,
coffee makers. Blenders, etc
The Baby Boom
• Baby Boom…when men came home from the war, they
started having babies
• One child born every seven seconds
Suburbia
• Families began moving
to the suburbs
• “Idealistic” lifestyle
• Mass-produced homes
• Phoenix began growing
• Leave it to Beaver
• Happy Days
• VIDEO CLIP
Gender Roles
• Women started staying
home with kids
– Reversed progress
• “Happy Housewife”
• Women encouraged to learn
how to cook, clean and look
beautiful for their husbands
• Video clip: Lifestyles
Gender Roles
“Let’s face it, that wonderful
man in your house is
providing you with many
opportunities for you and
your children…all young
married women should set
their sights on a happy
home, a host of happy
friends and a bright future by
helping minimize your
husband’s stress and
supportive of his job.”
New Technology
• Televisions became
affordable
– 80% of homes had a TV
• Variety shows, Kids/Family
Shows and Westerns were
popular
• Video Clip: Technology
Music
• Rock and Roll
– Elvis Presley, Bill Haley
“Rock Around the Clock”
is considered the first
Rock and Roll Song
• R&B
– Chuck Berry, Little
Richard, Fats Domino
– Video Clip:
Entertainment
Elvis gets drafted
• 1957: Elvis Presley gets drafted into the US
Army and serves 2 years
Juvenile Delinquents/Bad Guys
• Cool to be
bad/rebellious
• James Dean
• The Fonz
• Teenagers seek
their identity and
independence
The Red Menace
• Beginning in the 1940s, Truman
was accused of harboring spies in
the highest level of government
• Thousands of people were fired
– Alger Hiss
• Denied being a communist, sent to
prison for perjury (5 yrs)
• Controversy: guilty or not?
• Stationary salesman,
• Died in 1996
Joseph McCarthy
•
•
Republican Senator from Wisconsin
Made a list of people whom he accused of
being communist spies
– Celebrities, reporters, etc…
•
Became a national figure
– Explosive allegations became national
headlines
•
Played into people’s fears
– USSR nuclear technology
– Fall of China
• Feud with Edward R. Murrow
• Movie Clip: Good Night and Good Luck
• http://www.americanrhetoric.co
m/MovieSpeeches/moviespeechg
oodnightandgoodluckmcarthy.htm
l
McCarthyism
• Reckless and
unsubstantiated method of
“seek and destroy” at all
costs
• Intense paranoia against
communism and personal
character
• Video Clips:
– McCarthyism
– Have You No Sense of
Decency?
HUAC
• House Un-American
Activities Committee
– Investigative committee
in the House of
Representatives
– Investigate “suspicious”
behavior
– Investigated Hollywood
Celebrities
• “Hollywood 10” Blacklist
Hollywood Blacklist
• Movie stars were “blacklisted” based on political
beliefs and associations
– Accused of being communists after refusing to assist HUAC
investigations
"Are you now or have you ever been a member of the
communist party?"
• Many had a difficult time finding work afterwards
• Some gave names to the committee to take pressure
off themselves
Larry Adler, actor and musician
Luther Adler, actor and director
Stella Adler, actress and teacher
Edith Atwater, actress
Howard Bay, scenic designer
Ralph Bell, actor
Leonard Bernstein, composer and conductor
Walter Bernstein, screenwriter
Michael Blankfort, screenwriter
Marc Blitzstein, composer
True Boardman, screenwriter
Millen Brand, writer
Oscar Brand, folk singer
Joseph Edward Bromberg, actor
Himan Brown, producer and director
John Brown, actor
Abe Burrows, playwright and lyricist
Morris Carnovsky, actor
Vera Caspary, writer
Edward Chodorov, screenwriter and producer
Jerome Chodorov, writer
Mady Christians, actress
Lee J. Cobb, actor
Marc Connelly, playwright
Aaron Copland, composer
Norman Corwin, writer
Alan Lomax, folklorist and musicologist
Avon Long, actor and singer
Joseph Losey, director
Peter Lyon, television writer
Aline MacMahon, actress
Paul Mann, director and teacher
Waldo Salt, screenwriter (Buhle and Wagner
2003: 208)
Bill Scott, voice actor (Cohen 2004: 178)
Art Smith, actor (Schwartz 1999)
Lionel Stander, actor
Howard Da Silva, actor
Roger De Koven, actor
Dean Dixon, conductor
Olin Downes, music critic
Alfred Drake, actor
Paul Draper, actor and dancer
Howard Duff, actor
Clifford J. Durr, attorney
Richard Dyer-Bennett, folk singer
José Ferrer, actor
Louise Fitch (Lewis), actress
Martin Gabel, actor
Arthur Gaeth, radio commentator
William S. Gailmor, journalist and radio
commentator
John Garfield, actor
Will Geer, actor
Jack Gilford, actor
Tom Glazer, folk singer
Ruth Gordon, actress and screenwriter
Lloyd Gough, actor
Morton Gould, pianist and composer
Shirley Graham, writer
Ben Grauer, radio and TV personality
Mitchell Grayson, radio producer and
director
Horace Grenell, conductor and music
producer
Uta Hagen, actress and teacher
Dashiell Hammett, writer
E. Y. "Yip" Harburg, composer
Robert P. Heller, television journalist
Lillian Hellman, playwright and
screenwriter
Nat Hiken, writer and producer
Michael Wilson, screenwriter
Rose Hobart, actress
Judy Holliday, actress
Roderick B. Holmgren,
journalist
Lena Horne, singer and
actress
Langston Hughes, writer
Marsha Hunt, actress
Leo Hurwitz, director
Charles Irving, actor
Burl Ives, folk singer and
actor
Sam Jaffe, actor
Leon Janney, actor
Joseph Julian, actor
Garson Kanin, writer and
director
George Keane, actor
Donna Keath
Pert Kelton, actress
Alexander Kendrick
Adelaide Klein, actress
Felix Knight, singer and actor
Howard Koch screenwriter
Tony Kraber, actor
Millard Lampell, screenwriter
John La Touche, lyricist
Arthur Laurents, writer
Gypsy Rose Lee, actress and
ecdysiast
Madeline Lee, actress1
Ray Lev, classical pianist
Philip Loeb, actor
Ella Logan, actress and
singer
Margo, actress and dancer
Myron McCormick, actor
Paul McGrath, radio actor
Burgess Meredith, actor
Arthur Miller, playwright
Henry Morgan, radio and TV comedian
Zero Mostel, actor
Jean Muir, actress
Meg Mundy, actress
Lynn Murray
Ben Myers
Dorothy Parker, writer
Arnold Perl, radio writer
Minerva Pious, actress
Samson Raphaelson, screenwriter and playwright
Bernard Reis
Anne Revere, actress
Kenneth Roberts, writer
Earl Robinson, composer and lyricist
Edward G. Robinson, actor
William N. Robson, radio and TV writer
Harold Rome, composer and lyricist
Norman Rosten, writer
Selena Royle, actress
Coby Ruskin, TV director
Robert St. John, journalist
Hazel Scott, jazz and classical musician
Pete Seeger, folk singer
Lisa Sergio, radio personality
Artie Shaw, jazz musician
Irwin Shaw, writer
Robert Louis Shayon, former president of radio and TV directors' guild
Ann Shepherd, actress
William L. Shirer, journalist
Allan Sloane, radio and TV writer
Howard K. Smith, journalist
Gale Sondergaard, actress
Hester Sondergaard, actress
Lionel Stander, actor
Johannes Steel, journalist
Paul Stewart, actor
Elliott Sullivan, actor
William Sweets, radio personality
Helen Tamiris, choreographer
Betty Todd, director
Louis Untermeyer, poet
Hilda Vaughn, actress
J. Raymond Walsh, radio commentator
Sam Wanamaker, actor
Theodore Ward, playwright
Fredi Washington, actress
Margaret Webster, actress, director and producer
Orson Welles, actor, writer and director
Josh White, blues musician
Irene Wicker, singer and actress
Betty Winkler (Keane), actress
Martin Wolfson, actor
Lesley Woods, actress
Richard Yaffe, journalis
Phoebe Brand, actress (Schwartz 1999; Buhle and
Wagner 2003: 50)
Charles Dagget, animator (Cohen 2004: 178)
Phil Eastman, cartoon writer (Cohen 2004: 178)
Carl Foreman, producer and screenwriter (Buhle and
Wagner 2003: xi)
Michael Gordon, director (Dick 1982: 80)
John Hubley, animator (Cohen 2004: 178)
Lester Koenig, producer (Herman 1997: 356)
Lewis Leverett, actor (Schwartz 1999)
John McGrew, animator (Cohen 2004: 178)
Bill Melendez, animator (Cohen 2004: 178)
Paula Miller, actress (Schwartz 1999)
Review McCarthyism
• Video clip (McCarthyism and Segregation)
I Like Ike
• 1952 Presidential Election
• General Dwight Eisenhower
elected (Republican)
– Campaigns against “Korea,
Communism and Corruption”
– Promises to personally visit
Korea
– First soldier since US Grant
(Civil War) to be elected
president
National Interstate and Defense
Highways Act
• Spend $25B to create
41,000 miles of
highways across the
United States in 10
years
• Assists with
transportation and
defense
• Even #s E/W
• Odd #s N/S
Earl Warren
• President Eisenhower
appointed Earl Warren to be
chief justice
– Wanted to run for president
– Conservative/Republican
governor of California
Brown v. Board of Education
• Schools were segregated
– The system of “separate but
equal” in public schools is not
adequate because of inferior
schools
• Oliver Brown was concerned
about his daughter’s (Linda)
school. Not only did it receive less
funding, but there was a “white”
school much closer to his house
• Hired famous lawyer Thurgood
Marshall of the NAACP
• Challenged Jim Crow Laws (video
clip)
• Video Clip
Brown v. Board of Education
• Unanimous decision:
Segregation of students in public schools
violates the Equal Protection Clause of
the Fourteenth Amendment, because
separate facilities are inherently
unequal. District Court of Kansas
reversed.
Ended Segregation
• Thurgood Marshall eventually
becomes the first African American
on the Supreme Court
End of Segregation
• Decision of the courts
outlawed segregation in all
public schools immediately
Desegregation
• Not everyone was happy
with the decision
• Senator Henry Byrd (D-VA)
organized a program to
close schools, rather than
desegregate
• Governor Orval Faubus of
Arkansas
• George Wallace (1963)
• Eisenhower called Warren
“the biggest mistake of my
presidency” (too liberal)
– Eisenhower enforces law
Little Rock Nine
• Governor Orval Faubus
(Arkansas) called the National
Guard to stop nine African
American students from
entering Little Rock High
School
• Showdown with President
Eisenhower who ordered the
national guards to stand down
• Sent additional troops to
Arkansas for protection
• Faubus shut down the schools
for two years afterwards in
retaliation
• Video Clip: BvB and Little Rock
Nine
Rosa Parks
• One year after BvB, an African American woman
named Rosa Parks was riding in a bus…
• Refused to give up her seat to a white man
“People always say that I didn't give up my seat
because I was tired, but that isn't true. I was not
tired physically, or no more tired than I usually
was at the end of a working day. I was not old,
although some people have an image of me as
being old then. I was forty-two. No, the only
tired I was, was tired of giving in.”
Montgomery Bus Boycott
• African Americans began
boycotting the busses
• Help from Martin Luther
King
• Successful protest,
segregation on public
transportation declared
unconstitutional
• Beginning of the Civil Rights
Movement