RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
By Briana Campbell & Stacie Walker
Function



Obtaining oxygen and removing Carbon Dioxide
are the primary functions
The entire process of gas exchange between the
atmosphere and cells is called respiration
http://youtu.be/p4zOXOM6wgE
Air through the Respiratory System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Nose/Mouth
Nasal Cavity
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Capillaries of lungs
Major Organs
Nose
 Made
of bone and
cartilage that support
the nose
 Nostrils are openings
for air
 First line of defense
against contaminants in
the air


Any large particulate
matter is filtered out by
the nose hairs
Separated by nasal
septum
Nasal Cavity


Nasal conch divides the
nasal cavity into
passage ways to help
increase the area of the
mucous membrane
Filters, warms and
moistens incoming air

To maintain good health
it is necessary to keep
the lower respiratory
system warm

Second line of defense


The mucous that coats the
lining of the nasal cavity
filters out particles that
are smaller
Ciliary action carries
particles trapped in the
mucus to the pharynx
where they are
swallowed
Paranasal Sinuses


Mucous membrane
lines the sinus
Divided into the
frontal
 maxillary
 sphenoid
 ethnoid


Named after the
bones they are near
Pharynx



Behind the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx
Passageway for air and food
Air is further purified and filtered to eliminate
germs and unwanted chemicals
Larynx



Conducts air and helps
prevent foreign objects
from entering the
trachea
The glottis and
epiglottis helps prevent
foods and liquids from
entering the trachea
Contains vocal cords
which vibrate from side
to side to produce
sounds
Trachea




Often called the
windpipe
Little longer than 4
inches
Extends into the
thoracic cavity anterior
to the esophagus
Divides into the right
and left bronchi
Bronchial tree



Branched air passages
that lead from the
trachea to the air sacs
As tubes get smaller
they are called
bronchioles
Alveoli are at the distal
ends of the narrowest
tubes the alveolar ducts
Alveoli
Lungs



Soft spongy and cone
shaped
Mediastinum separates
to the left and right
lungs
Diaphragm and
thoracic cage enclose
them


Viceral pleura
attaches to the surface
of the lungs
Each lobe of the lungs
is composed of:
 Alveoli
 Blood
vessels
 Supporting tissues
Lungs
Breathing Mechanism
Inspiration



Atmospheric pressure
forces air into the
lungs
Occurs when the
pressure inside the
alveoli decreases
Breathing in
Expiration



Elastic recoil of tissues
and surface tension
within alveoli provide
the force for expiration
Thoracic and abdominal
wall muscles aid in
expiration
Breathing out
Inspiration
Expiration
Respiratory Center


Brain stem and portions of the Pons and Medulla
Oblongata
Pneumotaxic regulates breathing rates
Decreased blood oxygen concentration stimulates
peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic
bodies
Respiratory Membrane



Consists of alveolar and
capillary walls
Blood and alveolar air
exchange gases across
the membrane
Inner lining of simple
squamous epithelium
and a dense network of
capillaries
Diffusion




Partial pressure of a gas is proportional to the
concentration of that gas in a mixture or the
concentration dissolved in a liquid
Gases diffuse from regions of higher partial
pressure toward regions of lower partial pressure
Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into blood
Carbon Dioxide diffuses from blood into alveolar
air
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen



Blood mainly transports oxygen in combination with
hemoglobin molecules
The resulting oxyhemoglobin is unstable and
releases its oxygen in regions where the PO2 is low
More oxygen is released as the blood concentration
of carbon dioxide increases, as blood becomes
more acidic, and as the blood temperature
increases
Carbon Dioxide




Carbon Dioxide may be carried in solution, bound
to hemoglobin, or as a bicarbonate ion
Most carbon dioxide is transported in the form of
bicarbonate ions
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds the reaction
between carbon dioxide and water to form
carbonic acid
Carbonic acid dissociates to release hydrogen ions
and bicarbonate ions
Gases in the blood
Factors that affect Breathing


Chemicals, stretching of lung tissues, and emotional
states affect breathing
Chemosensitive areas are associated with the
respiratory center
 Blood
concentrations of carbon dioxide and hydrogen
ions influence the central chemoreceptors
 Stimulation of these receptors increases breathing rate
Factors that affect Breathing (cont)

Peripheral chemoreceptors are in the walls of certain
large arteries
These chemoreceptors sense low oxygen concentration
 When oxygen concentration is low, breathing rate increases


Overstretching lung tissues triggers an inflation reflex
This reflex shortens the duration of inspiratory movements
 The inflation reflex prevents over inflation of the lungs
during forceful breathing

Factors that affect Breathing (cont)

Hyperventilation decreases blood carbon dioxide
concentration, but this is very dangerous when done
before swimming underwater
Diseases





Asthma- a lung disease characterized by
reversible inflammation and constriction
Bronchitis- inflammation of the mucous membrane
of the bronchial tubes
Emphysema- condition in which the alveoli are
inefficient because of distension
Pneumonia- inflammation of a lung caused by
infection, chemical inhalation, or trauma
Tracheostenosis- abnormal narrowing of the trachea
“Roses are red, Violets are
blue, without your lungs, your
blood would be too”
-Susan Ott

Works Cited
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

Category. "How to Make a Lung
Model." Biology. N.p., n.d. Web.
3 May 2013.
<http://biology.about.com/od/b
iologylabhowtos/ht/lungmodel.ht
m>
Collins, C. Edward . A Short
Course in Medical Terminology.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins, 2006. Print.
Shier, David, Jackie Butler, and
Ricki Lewis. Hole's essentials of
human anatomy and physiology.
9th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill,
2006. Print.
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
Shiland, Betsy J.. "Respiratory
System ." Mastering Healthcare
Terminology. 2003. Reprint. St.
Louis: Mosby Elsevier, 2006.
374-409. Print.
"Textbook Images." Your Page
Title. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May
2013. <http://glencoe.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0218378151/stud
ent_view0/chapter16/textbook_
images.html>