Prepared by
David S. Anderson, Ph.D.
Professor of Education and Human Development
George Mason University
Fairfax, Virginia
703-993-3698
danderso@gmu.edu
caph.gmu.edu


General Usage Patterns
Student-Athletes
TRADITIONAL-AGE COLLEGE STUDENTS:
ALCOHOL USE IN LAST 30 DAYS
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/vol2_2009.pdf
TRADITIONAL-AGE COLLEGE STUDENTS:
DRUNK IN LAST 30 DAYS
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/vol2_2009.pdf
TRADITIONAL-AGE COLLEGE STUDENTS:
5 OR MORE DRINKS IN LAST TWO WEEKS
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/vol2_2009.pdf
USE OF ALCOHOL BY TRADITIONAL-AGE
COLLEGE STUDENTS:
30 DAY USE and HEAVY DRINKING
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
30 Day Use
http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/vol2_2009.pdf
TRADITIONAL-AGE COLLEGE STUDENTS:
30 DAY USE OF MARIJUANA
25
20
15
10
5
0
http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/vol2_2009.pdf
TRADITIONAL-AGE COLLEGE STUDENTS:
30 DAY USE OF ECSTASY
25
20
15
10
5
0
http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/vol2_2009.pdf
TRADITIONAL-AGE COLLEGE STUDENTS:
30 DAY USE OF NARCOTICS OTHER THAN HEROIN
25
20
15
10
5
0
http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/vol2_2009.pdf
TRADITIONAL-AGE COLLEGE STUDENTS:
30 DAY USE OF COCAINE
25
20
15
10
5
0
http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/vol2_2009.pdf
TRADITIONAL-AGE COLLEGE STUDENTS:
30 DAY USE OF INHALANTS
25
20
15
10
5
0
http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/vol2_2009.pdf
TRADITIONAL-AGE COLLEGE STUDENTS:
30 DAY USE OF LSD
25
20
15
10
5
0
http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/vol2_2009.pdf
TRADITIONAL-AGE COLLEGE STUDENTS:
30 DAY USE OF AMPHETAMINES
25
20
15
10
5
0
http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/vol2_2009.pdf
16
14
12
10
female
male
total
8
6
4
2
0
non-Greek, non-Greek, Greek, nonnonathlete
athlete
athlete
Greek,
athlete
Source: Core Institute http://www.siu.edu/departments/coreinst/public_html/
Athlete
Non-Athlete
Regretted behavior
46.4%
37.2%
Missed a class
39.4%
31.6%
Blackout
36.0%
27.6%
Had unplanned
sexual activity
5 or more neg.
consequences
31.0%
22.7%
29.5%
20.1%
Harvard College Alcohol Study, 2001
82.6%
13.6%
3.3%
Recreational or social purposes
Because it makes me feel good
Helps me deal with the stresses
of college life and college athletics
0.0%
Improves my athletic performance
Source: NCAA Study of Substance Use Habits of College Student-Athletes,
2005
90
80
81.5
74.7
74.5
70
Percent
60
50
40
30
20
25.8
17.3 16.2
17.8 16.6
16.4 16.6
14.1
12.3
10
0
Division I
alco h o l
Division II
marijuan a
sp it to bacco
Division III
cig arettes
Source: NCAA Study of Substance Use Habits of College Student-Athletes,
2005
90
80
77.2
76.8
70
Percent
60
50
40
30
25.8
22.6
20
15.9
16.9
12.8
10
1.7
0
Male
alcohol
Female
m arijuana
spit tobacco
cigarettes
Source: NCAA Study of Substance Use Habits of College Student-Athletes,
2005
90
82
80
70.1
70
Percent
60
52.8
50
40
30
20
21.3 18.6
19.7
15.3
14
10
12 15.1
6
5.3
0
White
alcohol
Black
marijuana
spit tobacco
Other
cigarettes
Source: NCAA Study of Substance Use Habits of College Student-Athletes,
2005
90
80
70
Percent
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1989
1993
alcohol
m arijuana
1997
2001
spit tobacco
2005
cigarettes
Source: NCAA Study of Substance Use Habits of College Student-Athletes,
2005
70
60
61.9
56.5
55.5
Percent
50
40
26.9
30
22.6
20.7
20
10
0
1997
2001
Male
2005
Female
Source: NCAA Study of Substance Use Habits of College Student-Athletes,
2005
30
27.8
25
20.5
20.7
Percent
20
15
10
5
3.4
2.4
2.3
0
1997
2001
Male
2005
Female
Source: NCAA Study of Substance Use Habits of College Student-Athletes,
2005
Driving
Athlete
90.9%
Nonathlete
91.7%
Studying
78.4%
74.5%
Interferes with
athletics
61.2%
18.3%
On a date
46.4%
40.8%
Fattening
30.2%
26.3%
Afraid of getting
caught
22.7%
18.5%
Source: Harvard College Alcohol Study, 2001






Approximately 83 percent of the respondents indicated drinking
alcohol within the last 12 months.
Over half the respondents indicated their first experience with alcohol
was between the ages of 14 – 17.
The majority of those reporting alcohol usage report frequency of use
as less than two days per week.
Forty percent of those reporting alcohol usage report drinking six to 10
plus drinks in one sitting.
One third of the respondents indicated drinking only during their off
season.
The majority of the respondents indicated obtaining alcohol from a
friend, family member or teammate.





Approximately 23.6 percent of the respondents indicated use of
marijuana within the last 12 months.
For the majority of those reporting marijuana use, the reported age
of the first experience with marijuana was between the ages of 16 –
20.
Over half of those reporting marijuana usage report frequency of
use as less than once per month.
The majority of the respondents using marijuana indicated use only
during their off season.
The majority of the respondents using marijuana indicated
obtaining the substance from a friend, family member or teammate.

General Usage Patterns
"Although statistics on drug use in the United States are not fully
reliable, the numbers available indicate that US consumption of
cocaine and marijuana has been essentially stable for many years—
although considerably reduced from its peak in the 1970s and 1980s.
The data also show that, today, the United States consumes illegal
substances at a rate some three times that of Europe—although the use
of drugs in the EU continues to grow rapidly and a few countries
actually consume more per capita than the United States. In both the
United States and Europe, the wholesale and street prices of cannabis
and cocaine have declined in the past several years, although
reportedly their potency has increased and demand remains steady.
Across the world, illicit drugs appear to be available at stable or
declining prices. A recent EU Commission study concluded that global
drug production and use remained largely unchanged during the
period from 1998 through 2007.“
Source:
Hakim, Peter, "Rethinking US Drug Policy," Inter-American Dialogue (Washington, DC:
The Beckley Foundation, February, 2010), p. 4.
http://www.thedialogue.org/uploads/Documents_and_PDFs/Documents_and_PDFs...
Percentage Change in Lifetime and Monthly Substance Use (ages 12 and older)
Percent Change
Lifetime EightLifetime Five-Year
Year %chg
%chg 2002-2006
2002-2009
Monthly Eight-Year
%chg 2002-2009
Monthly Five-Year
%chg 2002-2006
ILLICIT DRUGS - ALL
+9.7%
+3.3%
+11.7%
+4.3%
Marijuana
Cocaine
Crack
Heroin
Hallucinogens
Ecstasy
+10.0%
+7.9%
-0.5%
+0.4%
+8.6%
+40.2%
+3.0%
+4.1%
+1.8%
+3.2%
+2.8%
+20.8%
+14.6%
-19.0%
-13.2%
+17.5%
+5.2%
+12.4%
+1.6%
+19.9%
+23.8%
+103.6%
-15.9%
-21.9%
Psychotherapeutics
+8.0%
+6.3%
+10.6%
+12.9%
Pain Relievers
+18.4%
+13.0%
+20.1%
+19.3%
Methamphetamine
-16.5%
-7.5%
-26.5%
+7.0%
Illicit-other-thanmarijuana
+7.8%
+3.7%
+4.3%
+9.5%
Alcohol
+6.7%
+4.1%
+9.0%
+4.6%
--
--
+8.0%
+6.8%
+1.3%
+1.2%
-2.5%
+1.9%
Alcohol – Heavy
Tobacco
Percentage Change in Monthly Substance Use(ages 12 and older)
Monthly Eight-Year %chg
2002-2009
Monthly Five-Year %chg 20022006
Methamphetamine
+11.7%
+14.6%
-19.0%
-13.2%
+17.5%
+5.2%
+12.4%
+10.6%
+20.1%
-26.5%
+4.3%
+1.6%
+19.9%
+23.8%
+103.6%
-15.9%
-21.9%
+12.9%
+19.3%
+7.0%
Illicit-other-than-marijuana
+4.3%
+9.5%
Alcohol
+9.0%
+8.0%
-2.5%
+4.6%
+6.8%
+1.9%
Percent Change
ILLICIT DRUGS - ALL
Marijuana
Cocaine
Crack
Heroin
Hallucinogens
Ecstasy
Psychotherapeutics
Pain Relievers
Alcohol – Heavy
Tobacco
http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/Drug_Usage#Change
Treatment Episode Data Set - Admissions (TEDS-A), 2008
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/quicktables/quickoptions.do
Treatment Episode Data Set - Admissions (TEDS-A), 2008
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/quicktables/quickoptions.do



Patterns Linked to Start of Use
Use Linked to Homework Checked by Parents
Use Linked to Involvement in Activities
A number of information sources are used to quantify America’s drug problem
and to monitor drug abuse trends. Foremost among these sources are the
Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey* and the National Survey on Drug Use and
Health** (NSDUH). Since 1975, the MTF survey has measured drug, alcohol, and
cigarette use as well as related attitudes among adolescent students nationwide.
For the 2010 survey, 46,482 students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades from 396
public and private schools participated. Funded by NIDA, the MTF survey is
conducted by investigators at the University of Michigan. The NSDUH is an
annual survey on the nationwide prevalence and incidence of illicit drug,
alcohol, and tobacco use, abuse, and dependence among Americans aged 12
years and older, conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration. Approximately 67,500 people are included in this survey.
Because of differences in the timing of administration of the surveys, reported
NSDUH data are 1 year behind those of MTF.
In MTF and NSDUH, there are three primary prevalence periods for which data
are reported: lifetime, past year, and past month (also referred to as “current”). It
is generally believed that past year and past month are the better indicators of
actual use. However, some analyses are done for only one specific prevalence
period.
http://www.nida.nih.gov/infofacts/nationtrends.html
National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2009
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/SAMHDA/
National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2009
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/SAMHDA/
National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2009
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/SAMHDA/
National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2009
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/SAMHDA/
National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2009
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/SAMHDA/
National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2009
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/SAMHDA/
National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2009
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/SAMHDA/
National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2009
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/SAMHDA/
National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2009
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/SAMHDA/
National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2009
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/SAMHDA/
National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2009
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/SAMHDA/
According to NSDUH, overall prevalence of underage (ages 12–20)
alcohol use and binge drinking has shown a gradual decline across all
prevalence periods.
In 2009, an estimated 30.2 million people (12.0 percent) aged 12 or
older reported driving under the influence of alcohol at least once in
the past year. Although this reflects a downward trend from 14.2
percent in 2002, it remains a cause for concern.
The decline in illicit drug use by the Nation’s adolescents since the
mid- to late-1990s has leveled off. Among 8th, 10th, and 12th graders,
most measures of illicit drug use remained unchanged from 2009 to
2010. Marijuana use rose this year—a sharp contrast to the considerable
decline of the preceding decade. The downward trend in ecstasy use
has been reversed as well, with significant increases this year following
a considerable and recent decline in the belief that its use is dangerous.
http://www.nida.nih.gov/infofacts/nationtrends.html
Prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medications accounted
for most of the top drugs abused by 12th graders in the past year.
Among 12th graders, past-year nonmedical use of Vicodin
decreased from 9.7 percent to 8.0 percent. However, past-year
nonmedical use of Oxycontin remained unchanged across the three
grades and has increased among 10th graders over the past 5 years.
Moreover, past-year nonmedical use of Adderall and OTC cough
and cold medicines among 12th graders remained high at 6.5
percent and 6.6 percent, respectively.
Complete NSDUH findings are available at
www.oas.samhsa.gov/NSDUHLatest.htm.
The Partnership at Drugfree.org
http://www.drugfree.org/newsroom/new-research-teen-drug-andalcohol-use-headed-in-wrong-direction
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
12th Grade
10th Grade
8th Grade
http://monitoringthefuture.org/data/10data.html#2010data-drugs
40
35
12th Grade
10th Grade
8th Grade
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
http://monitoringthefuture.org/data/10data.html#2010data-drugs
TRADITIONAL-AGE COLLEGE STUDENTS:
DRUNK IN LAST 30 DAYS
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
http://monitoringthefuture.org/data/10data.html#2010data-drugs
High School and Middle School Youth:
5 or more drinks in a row in last 2 weeks
35
30
25
20
15
10
12th Grade
5
10th Grade
0
8th Grade
High School and Middle School Youth:
Any illicit drug in last 30 days
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
12th Grade
10th Grade
8th Grade
High School and Middle School Youth:
Any illicit drug other than marijuana
in last 30 days
25
20
12th Grade
10th Grade
8th Grade
15
10
5
0
High School and Middle School Youth:
30 Day Marijuana Use
25
20
15
10
5
0
12th Grade
10th Grade
8th Grade
High School and Middle School Youth:
30 Day Ecstasy Use
15
13
11
9
7
5
3
1
-1
12th Grade
10th Grade
8th Grade
15
13
11
9
7
5
3
1
-1
12th Grade
10th Grade
8th Grade
15
13
11
9
7
5
3
1
-1
12th Grade
10th Grade
8th Grade
15
13
11
9
7
5
3
1
-1
12th Grade
10th Grade
8th Grade
15
13
11
9
7
5
3
1
-1
12th Grade
10th Grade
8th Grade
15
12th Grade
13
10th Grade
11
8th Grade
9
7
5
3
1
-1
New and dangerous club drug being sold to high school and college age
students. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) working with
the Michigan State Police and local law enforcement agencies have recently
discovered the presence of a new and dangerous club drug that is being sold
to high school and college age students at "Rave" parties throughout the
Detroit and Ann Arbor areas. This substance is known on the street as
"Molly", which is 1-(3-Trifluoromethylphenyl) piperazine (TFMPP).
This is an extremely dangerous drug, which is clandestinely manufactured
and marketed in "Rave Clubs" as a more intense form of Ecstasy. This drug is
an off-white powder generally sold in a gelatin capsule. TFMPP and
Benzylpiperazine (BZP) were both given emergency controlled substance
scheduling by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration in September 2002.
TFMPP was given Schedule I status, meaning it has a high potential for
abuse and no accepted medical use. This drug first appeared on the West
Coast of the United States and these recent seizures in Michigan are the first
indication of its presence in the metropolitan Detroit area. TFMPP also goes
by the names "legal E", "legal X" or "A2". TFMPP can cause increased heart
rate, blood pressure and body temperature .
http://www.streetdrugs.org/



High School Youth
Parents
Community Leaders
http://teenalcoholcultures.gmu.edu
The methodology incorporated a blend of approaches, and involves the
use of a national Advisory Panel.

Literature Review
 250 articles, 59 dissertations/theses, 34 government/non-profit
reports, 19 books, 19 data sets

Telephone Polling
 1623 interviews [1014 parents and 609 teens]
 522 are matched pairs [parent and teen]

Key Informant and Individual Interviews
 58 completed [blend of community , school, law, and health]

Expert Interviews
 28 completed [includes university, research, government, medical,
and authors]
http://teenalcoholcultures.gmu.edu

Focus Groups [N=71]




59 with youth [47 high school, 6 middle school, 6 college]
8 with parents
4 with community leaders
513 youth were involved in focus groups
 396 high school and 35 middle school youth
 High school youth were balanced with boys/girls and white/nonwhite
 No notable differences were found based on race/ethnicity
 Few differences were found based on gender
 Sites included Northern Virginia, Bucks County (PA),
Orange
County (FL), Minneapolis, Santa Fe (NM),
Northern New
Jersey, and rural Georgia.
 No notable differences were found based on setting
(urban/rural/suburban)
http://teenalcoholcultures.gmu.edu

Inadequacy of Current Knowledge
Much current knowledge is based on survey research.
Limited conversational research is found with teens, parents or
other front line personnel.
Current expert knowledge is often limited.

Disjunction Between Formal and Informal Rules
Teens and parents have their own practices and beliefs about
what is practical and appropriate.
These practices and beliefs often diverge sharply from legal
codes.
http://teenalcoholcultures.gmu.edu

Differences Between Parent and Teen Views
Teens cite academic challenges more often than parents.
Teens are more likely to cite emotional or social reasons for
drinking and for getting drunk.
Parents attach more importance to family relationships as
motivators for teens’ drinking or not drinking.

Extreme Teen Behavior
Teens engage in high risk drinking behaviors on a frequent
basis.
Teens who drink do so for emotional and social
reasons.

Lack of Helpful Information
Teens have minimal knowledge of alcohol’s effects (beyond
drinking and driving consequences).
Teens and parents are unaware of helpful resources.
Teens and parents lack skills for meaningful dialogue on
alcohol.

Not Sure What to Do
Parents and community leaders are unsure how to address
teen drinking.
Parents and community leaders focus primarily on policy or law
enforcement approaches.
http://teenalcoholcultures.gmu.edu
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
Teens
20%
10%
0%
Parents
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Social
Emotional
Curiosity/Effects
Other
Family
DK/NR
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
Teen
Parents
10%
0%
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Teen
Parent
60%
50%
40%
30%
Teen
Parents
20%
10%
0%
Positive
Messages (Pro
Alcohol)
Negative
Messages
(Against
Alcohol)
Don't Talk About Drinking Status
it
of Peers
Other
DK/NR
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
Teen
Parents
10%
0%
Teens report that obtaining alcohol is quite easy,
through relationships (older siblings, friends, coworkers), places of purchase, theft or party settings.

Unlike other studies, our middle school teens report
having few to no experiences with alcohol.


Boys are typically expected to provide alcohol for girls.
http://teenalcoholcultures.gmu.edu
Teens drink primarily to get drunk; drinking for taste or mild
effects is rare.

Teens drink to deal with stress, to facilitate group
membership, and to feel better.


Teens’ transition to high school is a high-risk time.
http://teenalcoholcultures.gmu.edu
Early drinking experiences are frequently dangerous
“trials by fire” where teens learn by experimentation.

While youth are aware of family and legal consequences,
they are often confident that they will not get caught.

http://teenalcoholcultures.gmu.edu
http://teenalcoholcultures.gmu.edu
Parents are often unsure how to talk to their teens and to
other parents about teen alcohol consumption.


Parents feel a lack of information and guidance.
Parents are aware of the divergence between legal codes
and informal practices.

Public moralism and zero tolerance laws make frank
conversation with their teen(s) and other parents difficult.

http://teenalcoholcultures.gmu.edu
Parents are four times as likely as teens to think that
alcohol education programs, such as those at school, are
effective.

Parents believe that schools emphasize informational and
legal messages, including

 don’t drink
 alcohol affects your health
 don’t drink and drive
 alcohol use is illegal under 21
Teens report limited to no conversations on alcohol with
parents during teen years.

http://teenalcoholcultures.gmu.edu

Teens want more information about alcohol.
Teens want judgment-free information about alcohol
from sources they can trust; they do not trust school-based
education programs.

Most teens report that alcohol is talked about by school
authorities, and report informational, legal and
proscriptive messages.

Whatever their actual behavior, teens report hearing and
respecting messages about not drinking and driving.

http://teenalcoholcultures.gmu.edu
Teens typically don’t see drinking as a problem, unless they get in trouble
with those in authority.

Teens see other teens’ drinking as more of a problem than their own, even
if the behavior is essentially the same.

Teens overwhelmingly deny the importance of peer pressure in decisions
to consume or not consume alcohol.


However, teens have a poorly developed concept of peer pressure.
Teens see drinking as pleasurable and often essential to socializing with
other teens.


For many teens, drinking is a primary extracurricular activity.
http://teenalcoholcultures.gmu.edu
Underlying or
Core Factors
*Strong core values
*Feel connected to past
and future
*Has a sense of purpose
Intrinsic or Vital Factors
*Family bonds
*Feeling loved and listened to
*Feeling capable (confidence)
*Aware of areas of concern
*Knows where to turn for assistance
*Feels supported
*Has balance in life
*Good coping skills to deal with anxiety,
stress, high expectations
*Friends provide support
*Friends encourage behavior change as
needed
The Teen’s World
Extrinsic Factors
*Spend family time together
*Healthy family
*Has open communication /
conversation with parents
*Has meals with families
*Has good sense of personal
boundaries
*Feels affirmation
*Has clear and reasonable
expectations
*Skills to interact with others
*Sees parents as partners and guides
*Reflect on self
*Has positive role models
Contextual Factors
*Engaged in activities,
clubs
*Has opportunity to learn
by doing, experiment,
make mistakes
*Is encouraged to stretch
and extend comfort zone
The Role of Alcohol
http://teenalcoholcultures.gmu.edu
Underlying
Causes
*Stress
*Feel pressure
*Discouragement
*Disenfranchised
*Lonely
*Seeking own
identity
*Insecure
*Hopelessness
Intrinsic Factors
*Lack coping skills
*Boredom (nothing to do)
*Not comfortable being alone
*Lack of goals or mission
*Escape
*To experience things themselves
*No reflection
*To fit in
*To be older
*To rebel
*Unrealistic expectations (life,
situations)
The Teen’s World
Extrinsic Factors
*Lack knowledge and
information
*Lack meaningful
conversation with parents
*Lack of role models
*Allure (TV, songs, ads)
*No substantive, consistent
legal consequences
*Conflicting messages (adults
drink)
* Educational dishonesty,
inadequacy, mistrust
Contextual Factors
*Peer acceptability
*Peers’ encouragement
*Ease of access
*Party availability
*Alcohol is readily
available
*Societal acceptability
The Role of Alcohol
http://teenalcoholcultures.gmu.edu
FRAMEWORK FOR
YOUTH RISKY ALCOHOL DECISIONS
Underlying Causes
Extrinsic Factors
Contextual Factors
Intrinsic Factors
http://teenalcoholcultures.gmu.edu
FRAMEWORK FOR
YOUTH RISKY ALCOHOL DECISIONS
Underlying Causes
T
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Extrinsic Factors
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Contextual Factors
Intrinsic Factors
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FRAMEWORK FOR
YOUTH RISKY ALCOHOL DECISIONS
Underlying Causes
T
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e
Extrinsic Factors
R
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T
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W
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Contextual Factors
Intrinsic Factors
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FRAMEWORK FOR
YOUTH RISKY ALCOHOL DECISIONS
Underlying Causes
T
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Extrinsic Factors
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Contextual Factors
Intrinsic Factors
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FRAMEWORK FOR
YOUTH RISKY ALCOHOL DECISIONS
Underlying Causes
T
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Extrinsic Factors
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Intrinsic Factors
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FRAMEWORK FOR
YOUTH RISKY ALCOHOL DECISIONS
Underlying Causes
T
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Extrinsic Factors
R
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Intrinsic Factors
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TYPE OF EFFORT
GROUP OR ORGANIZATION
Policy
Schools
Law
Enforcement
Health Services
Community
Youth-Serving
Organizations
Program
Training
Environment
Consistently
implemented rules and
regulations
Standards for school
employees and visitors
Curriculum that is
Personnel preparation
meaningful
with identification and
Clubs and
referral
organizations
After school activities
School bonding and
community-building
activities
Recognition for positive
contributions
Laws and policies
throughout the
community
Enforcement of laws
Services available for
teens
Sponsor local events
Participate in
community activities
Mentoring youth
Community resource
officers in school and
community settings
How to identify
problematic use
How to be supportive
Promote as trusted
source
Spokespersons
Standards and
guidelines
Public awareness
materials
Community forum
and dialog
Community forum
and dialog
Volunteering for
community events
Public awareness
activities
Engage in establishing
community policies
Community-wide
activities
Prepare adults and
community leaders to
understand today’s
youth needs
Group meeting
behavior
Mentoring
opportunities for older
teens
http://teenalcoholcultures.gmu.edu
Provide awards for
positive contributions
Mephedrone, also known as 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC), or 4-methylephedrone, is a
synthetic stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes. Slang names
include meph,[5] drone,[6] and MCAT.[7] It is reportedly manufactured in China and is chemically
similar to the cathinone compounds found in the khat plant of eastern Africa. It comes in the
form of tablets or a powder, which users can swallow, snort or inject, producing similar effects to
MDMA, amphetamines and cocaine.
As well as producing the intended stimulant effects, negative side effects occur when
mephedrone is used, with teeth grinding the most common. The metabolism of mephedrone has
been studied in rats and humans, and the metabolites can be detected in urine after usage.
Nothing is known about the potential neurotoxicity of mephedrone, but scientists have
suggested possible dangers associated with its use based on its similarity to other drugs. Several
people have died after consuming mephedrone, but some deaths that the media attributed to the
drug were later determined to have been caused by other factors.
Mephedrone was first synthesized in 1929 but did not become widely known until it was
rediscovered in 2003. By 2007 mephedrone was reported to be available for sale on the internet,
by 2008 law enforcement agencies had become aware of the compound and by 2010 it had been
reported in most of Europe, becoming particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom.
Mephedrone was first made illegal in Israel in 2008, followed by Sweden later that year. In 2010
it was made illegal in many European countries and in December 2010, the EU ruled it illegal
across Europe. In Australia, New Zealand, and the USA it is considered an analog of other illegal
drugs and can be controlled by laws similar to the Federal Analog Act. In the USA, this only
applies if the drug is sold for human consumption, allowing it to be sold legally if labeled as
'plant food' or 'bath salts'.
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We can supply folowing reserch chemicals and herbals:
• 4-MMC/Mephedrone
• MDPV
• bk-MDMA/ Methylone
• 4-MEC/ MODIFIED MEPHEDRONE
• MDAI
• Marijuana/ Cannabis seeds
• Sumatra Red Vein Kratom /Mitragyna speciosa
• Sumatra White Vein Kratom / Mitragyna speciosa
• Borneo Red Vein Kratom / Mitragyna speciosa
• Borneo White Vein Kratom / Mitragyna speciosa
• Salvia Divinorum
Common names used for this chemical:
4-MMC, 4MMC, 4-methylmethcathinone, Mephedrone, Methedrone, Methadrone, Mephadrone,
M-CAT, MM-CAT Meow/Miaow Plant Feeder
4-mec 4-methylethylcathinone. Mephedrone Substitute Legal Mephedrone
Methylone, bk-MDMA, Arlone, Explosion, M1, Ease
MDPV, Methylenedioxypyrovalerone
MDAI; 5,6-Methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane HCl; 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[f][1,3]benzodioxol6-amine
The term bath salts refers to a range of water-soluble, usually inorganic solid products
designed to be added to a bath. They are said to improve cleaning, improve the experience of
bathing, serve as a vehicle for cosmetic agents, and some even claim medical benefits.[citation needed]
Bath salts have been developed which mimic the properties of natural mineral baths or hot
springs. Such salts include:
magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts)
sodium chloride (table salt)
sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
sodium hexametaphosphate (Calgon, amorphous/glassy sodium metaphosphate)
sodium sesquicarbonate
borax
Although, chemically speaking, many organic substances commonly used in bath water (such as
soap and many other surfactants) are salts, these are not referred to as "bath salts", as they are
not used in the form of hard, crystalline granules. On the other hand, some organic salts such as
sodium citrate can be used in bath salts.
Fragrances and colors are often added to bath salts, and one purpose of salts is as a vehicle or
diluent to extend fragrances, which are otherwise often too potent for convenient measurement
or use. Other common additives to bath salts are oils (agglomerating the salts to form
amorphous granules, the product being called "bath beads" or "bath oil beads"), foaming agents,
and effervescent agents.
Although bath salts are often packaged for retail in windowless boxes or bags, the more
attractive versions may also be displayed in transparent containers. For instance, the needlelike
appearance of sodium sesquicarbonate crystals makes them attractive for such purposes.
In the UK to avoid being controlled by the Medicines Act, designer drugs such as
mephedrone have been described as "bath salts" or "plant food", despite the compounds having
no history of being used for these purposes. Due to these inaccurate descriptions of products, it
is possible that selling the compounds under these descriptions could be illegal under the Trade
Descriptions Act.[25][26][27]
In the USA similar descriptions have been used to describe mephedrone as well as
methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV).[28]